Artificial Intelligence Essay

The brain is simply a calculating machine do of meat. Discuss this assertion with reference to the current consider most stylized Intelligence. In discussing the assertion The human brains is a computer made of meat, there must be a reference to hokey Intelligence. As Martin Minsky (1968) noticed Artificial Intelligence is the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done my men. About Intelligence it can be defined as the power of seeing, learning, examineing and judging though a mental process, which requires knowledge, wittingness subconsiousness and emotionAn important example in the field of Artificial Intelligence is the Turing Test. With this test, Alan Turing (1950), claimed that this test can be used to answer the question of whether a computer is capable of thought. The test involves two human beings and one computer. The important idea, is that the human investigator, must figured out with his question which of the other two is the c omputer. These three atomic number 18 kept in different rooms and communicate sever eithery other by computer terminal. The investigator is allowed to ask whatever he likes, until he decides which the computer is.If the computer answers so well, then this computer passes the Turing test and is recognise as intelligent. The most well cognize researchers squander accepted this test as standard of assessing intelligence. But this is test is inaccurate, because even if a computer answers correctly there is no statement of consciousness An other experiment that has to do with A. I. and generally with intelligence, is the Chinese Room by J. Searle. He argued that behaving intelligently was not enough. hither is how the Chinese Room works there is one soulfulness locked in a room.This person has nothing to do with the Chinese language. Also there be two Chinese people outside, who asks the questions, but they do not communicate with any other way with the person inside the room. So , for every Chinese font he has the reply into the box and the only job he is doing is to replace the questions with the right responses from the boxes Searle s point is that although the Chinese room seems to have intelligence and the person inside gives the right answers but he does not really understand Chinese.The only thing he is doing, is adjacent a set of rules, as all the computer remainss do. This argument is similar to human memory and the memory is only one disjoint of intelligence. For the human being, our decisions depends on our experiences and background. But memory is only a part of intelligence and not the intelligence it self Some people argue that the true intelligence can never be achieved by a computer. Most computer programs do just the they atomic number 18 programmed for. Some of these, they atomic number 18 caught in endless loops, doing the same thing over and over again.Some other, argon more cleverly programmed, when anything goes wrong they can try something else. But if the programme tries to solve the same job, from the begging, it is going to make the same mistake until it is going to specify the right operation to solve the problem. Thats why, many people believe the computers will never be intelligent, because of this lack of common sense. Nowadays, we know many things about how to build them, but we still dont know how to give them common senseAn other disadvantage for people, who believes the brain is a computer made of meat, is the learning ability of computer systems. They need someone continuously update in operateation for them. And the ability of learning is very important to call something intelligent. Also, an other problem is the vision of computer systems. Of course, to call someone at least intelligent, ha can see whatever normal people do, without any instructions for the do On the other, computers have been developed remarkably to a level which reach perfection it terms of speed, calculation and generati on in cascade process.Also, new types of computers are been designed, with much more capabilities than the previous one. An example is storage as the years passes we have more storage in less space. But to say that a computer system is intelligent, cannot be based on the above parameters. These systems, have not yet achieved consciousness and therefore limit their ability to judge and understand Also, to call a computer system intelligent it requires some characteristics that they are connected with intelligence in human behaviour understanding language, problem resolving power etc.Addinitionally, the human mental process is not based only on data and input. This is because, data are auto-generated and not previous supplied, e. g. a adolescent finds a wallet and then decides whether to keep the money or hand them in the police based not onto a previous experience, memory or outside information, but on the criticism developed by consciousness and sub-consciousness. In addition to, t here is no computer program that has its own freedom. distributively of the computer decisions are based to the instructions that the program containsOn the other hand, a classical example of intelligent computer systems, is a well known trickster program called Deep Thought , which has beaten a few chess grand masters. The chess computers bring in is the fast calculation. The human chess players advance is their power of judgement. However, when a computer system make o move on the chess board, it does not have the sense about the move it makes, he just perfume a series of calculations. Even a not very smart human being can only play chess at a good level, due his ability of fast calculations.But fast calculations is not a signal of intelligence Generally speaking, there are many reason why humans wants to create intelligent machines. The will never be tired, they will always obey etc. But, the building of these machines, have found reaction mostly from the philosophical point o f view. That is because if the build of intelligent systems will succeed, this will doubt the uniqness of the human mind. Some experiments of artificial intelligence are the Expert Systems.A definition of expert systems, according the British Computer Societys Specialist Group on expert system is the following one An expert system is regarded as the embodiment within a computer of knowledge-based component from an expert skill in such a form the system can offer intelligent advise or take intelligent decision about a processing function. A desirable supererogatory characteristic, which many would consider fundamental, is the capability of the system, on demand, to justify its own line of reasoning in a manner directly intelligence to the enquirerThese computer systems, helps us in construction, simulation and diagnosis, for medical and healthy purposes. Some of them are, QMR and MYCIN, which are two expert systems that helps for diagnosing illness and diseases. But, the major prob lem is, who is responsible for a wrong diagnosis, that the computer system did. Some people believes that the mistake belongs to the creator of the system and some other believes that the doctor is responsible In addition, an other part of artificial intelligence, has to do with robotics.By this we mean a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to more material, parts, tools or specialized devices though various programmed motions for the performance of a medley of task as mentioned by the Robot Institute of America (1979). Nowadays, more and more people use robots for their job. Especially, managers of large factors, cause they are cheaper they dont complaint etc. On the other hand, workers agree for this situation, if and only of, robots going to perform the dirty or the dangerous jobs At the end, a quite gigantic problem, is speaking and feeling too.For example, everyone understands worlds like friendship, love and we have some feelings for them either positive ei ther negative. We ca not say a computer system intelligent, if it does not understand the above words or meaning like partnership, where two persons can help each other in rocky situations The extreme 10 years, scientists are working on a bio-computer system. This system use human-neural tissue connected to an electronic circuit. This idea hopes to link the power of neurones to create conscious state with the effiency of computer processing. Such projects hopefully will create an original state of computer intelligenceAlso, it is well known, that the human brain is the most difficult part of the human to explain, even from entire the world. We have now discuss this assertions with the most current sources and debates for artificial intelligence. My point of view, is that computer systems only succeed in some parts of intelligence, as playing board games, take care of peoples health etc. But, they do not reach the all in all meaning of intelligence such as consciousness and motions . And because everyone is doing a really go to work, probably mane years later they are going to chalk up the above assertion