Bruce Dawe - Americanized :: essays research papers

Bruce Dawe is strongly opposed to consumerism, as shown through his poem, Americanized. The poem is written in a predominantly bitter and teetotal tone. The title itself is ironic. Bruce Dawe is Australian and has spelled the title using American spelling rather than Australian spelling, with the s being replaced by a z. Stanza one is nail down in the morning at breakfast time. It involves the arrest and her child. Instead of the usual loving mother, we see a cold mother and one that is doubtful of her fan for her own child. Dawe uses cold language such as beneficence, beamed and laminex as well has the pause after she loves him to signify this. The pair are also conveyed to be separate from each other, symbolised by them being on opposite sides of the breakfast table. Stanza two shows us how the baby is well looked after, yet is lacking the affection that olive-sized children need. The child experiences a vague passing spasm of loss. The mother blocks out her childs cries. The re is a lack of contact and warmth between the pair. Stanza three again shows doubtfulness about the mothers love. We see how the mother locks her child in because she hero-worships the modern world. She sees the world as dangers and especially fears men. Her fear of men is emphasized by the italics used. In the final line of the stanza, the mother puts her son on a plastic pot. This is somewhat symbolic of the consumeristic corporation i.e. manufacture and cheap. Stanza four is a metaphor. The mother trying to toilet train her son is a metaphor for people learning the rules of society and trying to conform to societys ways. In this stanza, the mother is society and the child is someone trying to learn societys values. It is against the childs natural instinct, yet the mother still tries to force it. In stanza five, the mother leaves the house and leaves her son at home alone. The mother is said to be off to nurse and invalid called the world. This is to do with the theory of cons umption. The mother has gone out to consume materialistic items that will in turn keep the consumer-based economy healthy. If she and the millions of other members of the consumer society fail to do this, the consumer economy will sicken. Stanza six shows how toys and presents mark the childs life rather than love and affection.

Huntington’s Disease Essay -- Health Medical Medicine Essays

Huntingtons DiseaseHuntingtons disease is a fatal genetical disorder characterized by slow gradual temper changes, de mentia, and choreiform movements. It is a progressive disease its average onset is thirty to forty years of age, and the duration of the disease is about ten to twenty years with finale as the outcome. It is known that for Huntingtons disease, there is a degeneration of cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex. The etiology of nerve cell death in Huntingtons disease is unknown. However, there is a recent hypothesis implicating defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism as the pathology of Huntingtons disease. Huntingtons disease is an autosomal controlling disease. The genetic defect appears on the short arm of the chromosome 4, and it is an extended repetition of the three nucleotide bases (cytosine, adenine, and constant of gravitation CAG) that code for the amino acid glutamate. This disease affects men and women equally, and it usually appears after the individuals have married and had children. The children of an affected parent have a 50% fall out of inheriting the disease. With the discovery of the defective gene, it is now feasible to have an accurate diagnosis before the onset of the disease. The early indications of Huntingtons disease are non prominent the individuals become absentminded, easily irritated, and constantly depressed. Their recollection is diminished, and they lack spontaneity, initiative, and the ability to concentrate. There are also early subtle signs of choreiform (dance-like) movements. The persons begin with piano-playing movements of the fingers or with snub facial twitching (Martin, 1984). The movements gradually become more than uncontrollable. ... ...s? Trends in Neurological Sciences, 16 (4) pp. 125-131. Choi, Dennis W. (1988). Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system. Neuron, pp.623-632. Prim, D. M., Simpson, J., Uhler, T. A., Short, M. P., B ossi, S. R., Breakefield, X. O., & Isacson, O. (1993). Striatal degeneration induced by mitochondrial blockade is prevented by biologically delivered NGF. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 35 pp. 452-458. Martin, Joseph B. (1984). Huntingtons disease modern approaches to an old problem. Neurology, 34 pp. 1059-1071. Willard, Frank H. (1993). Medical Neuroanatomy A Problem- Oriented Manual with Annotated Atlas. Philadelphia J. B. Lippincott Company. Young, Anne B. (1993). Role of excitotoxins in heredito-degenerative neurologic diseases. Research Publications- Association for Research in nauseated and Mental Diseases, 71 pp. 175-189. Huntingtons Disease Essay -- Health Medical Medicine EssaysHuntingtons DiseaseHuntingtons disease is a fatal inherited disorder characterized by slow gradual personality changes, dementia, and choreiform movements. It is a progressive disease its average onset is thirty to forty years of age, and the duration of the disease is about te n to twenty years with death as the outcome. It is known that for Huntingtons disease, there is a degeneration of cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex. The etiology of nerve cell death in Huntingtons disease is unknown. However, there is a recent hypothesis implicating defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism as the pathology of Huntingtons disease. Huntingtons disease is an autosomal dominant disease. The genetic defect appears on the short arm of the chromosome 4, and it is an extended repetition of the three nucleotide bases (cytosine, adenine, and guanine CAG) that code for the amino acid glutamate. This disease affects men and women equally, and it usually appears after the individuals have married and had children. The children of an affected parent have a 50% chance of inheriting the disease. With the discovery of the defective gene, it is now possible to have an accurate diagnosis before the onset of the disease. The early indicati ons of Huntingtons disease are not prominent the individuals become absentminded, easily irritated, and constantly depressed. Their memory is diminished, and they lack spontaneity, initiative, and the ability to concentrate. There are also early subtle signs of choreiform (dance-like) movements. The persons begin with piano-playing movements of the fingers or with slight facial twitching (Martin, 1984). The movements gradually become more uncontrollable. ... ...s? Trends in Neurological Sciences, 16 (4) pp. 125-131. Choi, Dennis W. (1988). Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system. Neuron, pp.623-632. Prim, D. M., Simpson, J., Uhler, T. A., Short, M. P., Bossi, S. R., Breakefield, X. O., & Isacson, O. (1993). Striatal degeneration induced by mitochondrial blockade is prevented by biologically delivered NGF. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 35 pp. 452-458. Martin, Joseph B. (1984). Huntingtons disease New approaches to an old problem. Neurology, 34 pp. 1059-1071. W illard, Frank H. (1993). Medical Neuroanatomy A Problem- Oriented Manual with Annotated Atlas. Philadelphia J. B. Lippincott Company. Young, Anne B. (1993). Role of excitotoxins in heredito-degenerative neurologic diseases. Research Publications- Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Diseases, 71 pp. 175-189.

Renaissance Country House Poetry Essay examples -- Poem Poetry Poet Es

Renaissance Country House Poetry Country house poetry is a sub-genre of Renaissance poetry and was first written during the seventeenth century. It was closely linked to patronage poetry, in which poets (sometimes outrageously) flattered patrons in order to gain sponsorship and status. At this time, many houses were built in the countryside as a display of wealth, and as a retreat for the courtier when overwhelmed by the court and city life. Country houses were not, originally, just large houses in the country in which rich people lived. Essentially they were world-beater houses - the houses of a ruling class. As such they could work at the local level of a manor house, the house of a squire who was a pocket-size king in his village and ran the county. They could work at a local and national level as the seat of a landowner who was also a member of parliament. Basically, people did not live in country houses unless they either possessed power, or, by setting up in a country house, were reservation a bid to possess it. Country house poems generally consisted of complimentary descriptions of the said country house and its surrounding area which often contained pastoral detail, and praised well-mannered nature. The purpose of the central part of this essay is to assess the effectiveness of Renaissance country house poetry as social criticism. Country house poems were written to flatter and satisfy the owner of the country house. Why did poets do this? Until the nineteenth century the wealth and population of England lay in the country rather than the towns landowners rather than merchants were the dominating class. horizontal when the economic balance began to change, they were so thoroughly in control of patronage and legislation, so strong throu... ...ely that people read country house poetry to be provided with political or social insights, so it is likely that many of the allusions were lost on the majority of readers.Endnotes1 The Penguin Book of Ren aissance Verse 1509-1659, p.4202 ib. p.4203 feel in the English Country House, Mark Girouard, p.7.4 The Penguin Book of Renaissance Verse 1509-1659, p.4205 Ibid.p.4216 Ibid.p.4217 Ibid.p.4218 Ibid.p.4219 Ibid.p.42210 Ibid.p.42211 Ibid.p.42212 Ibid.p.42213 The Description of Cooke-ham, Renaissance Verse, p.414.14 The Penguin Book of Renaissance Verse 1509-1659, p.41715 Ibid.p.41816 Marvells Upon Appleton House, Robert Markley, p.91.BibliographyMark Girouard. Life in the English Country House, Yale University Press, 1978.Maclean, Landry and Ward. The Country and the City Revisited, Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Death of a Salesman :: essays papers

Death of a SalesmanBen as a Minor Character Who Develops the Play In Arthur Millers, Death of a Salesman, the timbre of Ben is used as a catalyst to fuel the development of the main character, Willy. Ben appears in three major flashbacks throughout the story. In the first flashback, Ben take holds his appearance to pop off Willy happiness because to Willy, money means happiness. The second time Ben appears, he is used as a scapegoat to show that Willy has a hard time transaction with the truth. The third and final time that Ben appears is in Willys hallucination to help him decide on whether or not he should commit suicide. Through a comparison and understanding of each of these occurrences, the reader is able to gain vast knowledge of who Willy Loman actually is. These flashbacks and hallucinations show how Bens character is used as a device to allow the reader to understand what is actually going on inside Willy Lomans genius. The first time Ben appears is in a flas hback within Willys mind. This flashback is used as an interruption of Willys feelings of inadequacy about his present situation. Willy has returned home from a selling trip, unable to concentrate and unable to keep his mind in the present. Ben appears as an archetype for Willys inability to face the truth, a way for him to forget about his present condition and feelings. This flashback with Ben provides the reader with a pear-shaped amount of information about him, and, thus, about Willy. The reader first learns that Ben is much wealthier then Willy, and, while they are brothers, they did not grow up together. The reader in any case learns through the flashback that Willy idolizes Ben, though they have never been close. Willy comments, Ben Ive been waiting for you so long Whats the answer? How did you do it? obviously showing Ben has achieved what Willy wishes. The reader realizes that Ben has make a fortune by walking into Africa. He has prospered by essentially using oth er people for what they can give him. When I was seventeen I walked into the jungle, and when I was twenty-one I walked out. And by god I was rich . The reader learns about the character of Willy because he completely believes that this is an excellent way to make money.

Questioning the Truth of the News Essay -- Television Newspaper Media

INTRO/PROBLEMSThe window to the world can be covered by a newspaper, this quote by Polish writer Stanislaw Lec sums up the difficulty with the news media. It is the job of the news media to provide the public with news events happening almost the world. Without these news reports, plurality would be oblivious to what is going on around them. Our lives rest in the medias hands, and they are fully aware of this. The news is a very competitive business, and because of this what gets reported is not necessarily what the story is. Since there are different journalists reporting on the same events, each newspaper and newscast has its own way and style of reporting. They also have different gate keeping processes that consume them unique. They may do anything to get the story, no matter whose lives they destroy. Criticizing the news has become increasingly popular recently due to the fact that the media has shifted from a irresponsible to a negative view in the publics eyes.Since ever y newscast and newspaper is different, the stories that they broadcast to the public may be altered in one way or another. As the quote above illustrates, the news media do not always illustrate the world in the right perspective and can hinder the way people look at it. It seems as though it is the job of the news to report only on negative aspects of the world. Hardly ever does one see anything positive being reported. This throws everybodys perception off about the world around them.The media influence societys opinions rather than having people form opinions themselves. Newspapers and newscasts use a process called agenda reach to keep the public thinking about certain issues while avoiding other issues that might be more important. Agenda setting i... ..., D. (2003). So was saving private jessica a sham? Daily Mail (London), 18, 19.8) N.A. (2004). Pentagon papers. Encarta Encyclopedia. Retrieved on April 14, 2004, from http//encyclopedia.com/html/p/pentp1ap.asp.9) N.A. (2004) . Watergate scandal. Encarta Encyclopedia. Retrieved on April 14, 2004, from http//encyclopedia.com/html/section/Watergat_TheWatergateBreak-in.asp.10) N.A. (2001). The Pentagon papers. National shrink Club. Retrieved on April 14, 2004, from http//www.vva.org/pentagon/history/history.html.11) Perse, E. (2001). Media effects and society. New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.12) Priest, D. (2003). Is jessica a war hero? The Vancouver Province, C1.13) Todorovich, L (1997). Deep throat suspects. The Washington Post. Retrieved on April 14, 2004, from http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/deept.htm.

Questioning the Truth of the News Essay -- Television Newspaper Media

INTRO/PROBLEMSThe window to the world can be cover by a newspaper, this quote by Polish writer Stanislaw Lec sums up the problem with the news media. It is the job of the news media to provide the cosmos with news events misfortune virtually the world. Without these news works, people would be oblivious to what is going on around them. Our lives rest in the medias hands, and they are fully a strugglee of this. The news is a very competitive business, and because of this what gets reported is not necessarily what the story is. Since there are different journalists reporting on the same events, each newspaper and newscast has its proclaim way and style of reporting. They also have different gate keeping processes that make them unique. They may do anything to get the story, no matter whose lives they destroy. Criticizing the news has live on increasingly popular recently due to the fact that the media has shifted from a positive to a negative view in the publics eyes.Since every newscast and newspaper is different, the stories that they broadcast to the public may be altered in one way or another. As the quote above expounds, the news media do not always illustrate the world in the right perspective and can hinder the way people look at it. It seems as though it is the job of the news to report only on negative aspects of the world. Hardly ever does one see anything positive being reported. This throws everybodys perception off slightly the world around them.The media influence societys opinions rather than having people form opinions themselves. Newspapers and newscasts use a process called agenda setting to keep the public thinking about certain issues while avoiding other issues that might be more important. Agenda setting i... ..., D. (2003). So was saving private jessica a sham? Daily station (London), 18, 19.8) N.A. (2004). Pentagon papers. Encarta Encyclopedia. Retrieved on April 14, 2004, from http//encyclopedia.com/html/p/pentp1ap.asp.9) N.A. ( 2004). Watergate scandal. Encarta Encyclopedia. Retrieved on April 14, 2004, from http//encyclopedia.com/html/section/Watergat_TheWatergateBreak-in.asp.10) N.A. (2001). The Pentagon papers. National Press Club. Retrieved on April 14, 2004, from http//www.vva.org/pentagon/history/history.html.11) Perse, E. (2001). Media effects and society. New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.12) Priest, D. (2003). Is jessica a war hero? The Vancouver Province, C1.13) Todorovich, L (1997). Deep throat suspects. The Washington Post. Retrieved on April 14, 2004, from http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/deept.htm.

Indian Relations in Chesapeake and New England Essay

In the 1600s English settlers came to America seeking refuge, and land. Upon coming to America the settlers crossed paths with the natives and eventually lead to a variety of relationships. There were various factors that shaped the relations in certain regions such as the Chesapeake Bay and New England. The events that lead up to tautness mingled with the natives were the settlers lust for new land, diseases and the on-going disputes between the natives and the settlers. In the Chesapeake Bay the Powhatans were originally the dominant power among the Native Americans.The Powhatan tribes flourished under the Powhatan Confederacy until the arrival of the Europeans. tension arouse between the natives and the settlers as the new colonist began establishing their town and had a scarce amount of food leading them to raid the Powhatans food source. The natives fought stand and attempted to restore their supply of foods when Lord De La Warr declared war a throw outst the Powhatans there fore marking the beginning of the Powhatan war. The Powhatan villages were raided, burned and the cornfields were torched down cutting by their main food source. A peace treaty eat uped although it was shortly broken after the Powhatans attacked the Settlers due to them further expanding and into English territory. Like many wars the gain of territory is one of the fundamental reasons as to why many people start a war.The Powhatan were defeated due to lack of unity despite of their partnership while they were attacked by diseases and the Europeans advance weapons which gave the Europeans the upper hand. Unlike the Powhatans and the English Settlers in the Chesapeake region, the relation between the Puritan Colonist and the natives started in mutual respect. The natives were first attacked by a new set of diseases causing nearly three-quarter of the population to die. Although the natives were introduced to diseases they befriended the Quakers. They formed an alliance and establis hed the treaty with the Plymouth pilgrims in 1621 and aided the Quakers in celebrating the first thanksgiving. in spite of the treaty and tension began when new English settlers began to migrate to America further settling inland to the natives region.Like the Powhatan Indians the Pequot Indians were attacked where their homes were burned and the fleeing natives were shot. The Puritans then pushed forward to converting the natives into Christianity further creating tension through resistance from the natives. The Indians final form of resistance was the alliance between tribes in the war against king Phillip.Roughly about 52 puritans towns were attacked at the end of the war where the English won. In conclusion the English Settlers came to America in search of land. The land-hungry settlers caused tension that arouse from the colonist moving into natives land as easily as diseases and constant attacks to each other. The two regions share the commonality that both shared hostility between the natives and English settlers.

Study Guide Bnc1

Chapter 13, Power and Politics Learning Objectives 1. Define precedent and dividing line leadership and power. 2. Contrast the five bases of power. 3. Explain the region of dependence in power races. 4. Identify nine power or persuade tactics and their contingencies. 5. Show the connection between sexual harassment and the abuse of power. 6. Identify the causes and consequences of policy- qualification behavior. 7. Apply impression management techniques. 8. Determine whether a political action is ethical. Chapter 13, Power and Politics Section Outlines I.Power is the capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B, so that B acts in accordance with As wishes. A. Definition of power the ability to influence the behavior of others. 1. Potential 2. Dependency B s relationship to A when A possesses something that B charters. B. Contrasting leadership and power. 1. Leaders use power as a means of attaining group goals. 2. Power does not require goal compatibility, but relies on dependency. 3. While leadership focuses on the downward influence of ones followers, power also deals with lateral and upward influence. II. Bases of powerA. Formal power = found on an individuals position in an organization. 1. Coercive power A power base that is dependent on fear of the negative results from helplessness to comply such as controlling by force of basic physiological or safety needs. 2. Reward power Compliance achieved based on the ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuable. 3. Legitimate (formal authority) power The power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization. B. Personal power = Influence derived from an individuals characteristics. 1.Expert power Influence based on special skills or knowledge. 2. denotive power Influence based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal traits. C. Dependency The Key to Power 1. General dependency consider The greater B s d ependence on A, the more power A has over B. 2. Factors creating dependency a. Importance echo of technology engineers of Gettyimages b. Scarcity think of Ferruccio Lamborghini he memorized the manual and destroyed it. c. Nonsubstitutability the fewer viable substitutes for a resource, the more power control over that resource provides. III.Power Tactics Ways in which individuals generate power bases into specific actions. Rational persuasion, inspirational appeals, and consultation tend to be the most effective, especially when the audience is highly interested in the outcomes of a finale process. A. Legitimacy Relying on your authority position or saying a request accords with organizational policies or rules. B. Rational persuasion Presenting logical arguments and factual narrate to demonstrate a request is reasonable. C. Inspirational appeals Developing emotional commitment by appealing to a manoeuvers values, needs, hopes, and aspirations.D. Consultation Increasing the targets support by involving him or her in deciding how you will accomplish your plan. E. Ex transpose Rewarding the target with benefits or favors in exchange for succeeding(a) a request. F. Personal appeals Asking for compliance based on friendship or loyalty. G. Ingratiation Using flattery, praise, or friendly behavior prior to making a request. H. Pressure Using warnings, repeated demands, and threats. I. Coalitions Enlisting the aid or support of others to persuade the target to agree. J. Political Skill The ability to influence others in such a way as to enhance ones objective.IV. Sexual worrying Unequal Power in the Work manoeuver A. Any unloved activity of a sexual nature that affects an individuals employment and creates a hostile work environment. B. Sexual harassment negatively affects job attitudes and leads those who tactile sensation harassed to withdraw from the organization. C. Some ways managers ignore protect themselves and their employees from sexual harassme nt 1. Make sure an active policy defines what constitutes sexual harassment, informs employees they can be fired for sexually harassing another employee, and establishes procedures for making complaints. 2.Reassure employees they will not encounter retaliation if they file a complaint. 3. Investigate every complaint, and inform the legal and human beings resource departments. 4. Make sure offenders argon disciplined or terminated. 5. Set up in-house seminars to raise employee awargonness of sexual harassment issues. V. Politics Power in Action A. Definition of Organizational Politics 1. Political behavior, in organization, consists of activities that are not required as part of an individuals formal role but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within the organization. . Legitimate political power b. Illegitimate political power VI. Causes and Consequences of Political Behavior A. Factors contributing to political behavior 1. I ndividual factors 2. Organizational factors B. How do people respond to organizational politics? 1. Decreased job satisfaction 2. change magnitude anxiety and stress 3. Increased turnover 4. Reduced performance VII. Impression management VIII. The Ethics of Behaving Politically Chapter 13, Power and Politics Key Terms Power- A capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B acts in accordance with As wishes. Dependence B s relationship to A when A possesses something that B requires. Coercive Power A power base that is dependent on fear of the negative results from failing to comply. Reward power Compliance achieved based on the ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuable. Legitimate power The power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization. Personal power Influence derived from an individuals characteristics. Expert power Influence based on special skills or knowledge. Referent power Influenc e based on identification with a person who has desirable esources or personal traits. Power tactics Ways in which individuals record power bases into specifics actions. Political skill The ability to influence others in such a way as to enhance ones objectives. Sexual Harassment Any unwanted activity of a sexual nature that affects an individuals employment and creates a hostile work environment. Political behavior Activities that are not required as part of a persons formal role in the organization but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within the organization. Impression Management (IM) The process by which individuals attempt to control the impression others form of them. Defensive behaviors Reactive and proactive behaviors to avoid action, blame, or change Chapter 17, Human Resources Policies and Procedures Learning Objectives 1. Define initial selection, and identify the most useful methods. 2. Define substantive s election, and identify the most useful methods. 3. Define contingent selection, and contrast the arguments for and against drug testing. 4. Compare the four main types of planning. 5. Contrast formal and informal training methods. 6.Contrast on-the-job and off-the-job training. 7. Describe the purposes of performance evaluation and list the methods by which it can be done. 8. Show how managers can improve performance evaluations. 9. Describe how organizations can manage work-family conflicts. Chapter 17, Human Resources Policies and Procedures Section Outlines I. Selection Process A. Initial selection are the first information applicants submit and are used for preliminary rough cuts to decide whether the applicant meets the basic qualifications for a job. 1. Application forms including letters of recommendation 2. terra firma checks B. Substantive selection 1.Written tests 2. mathematical process-simulations tests a. Work sample tests Hands-on simulations of part or all of the work that applicants for routine jobs must perform. b. Assessment centers A set of performance-simulation tests designed to evaluate a candidates managerial potential. 3. Interviews have a disproportionate amount of influence on employee selection decisions. a. In addition to evaluating specific, job-related skills, managers are looking at personality characteristics and personal values to find individuals who fit the organizations culture and image. C. Contingent selection 1. Drug test is a common contingent selection method. . Argument against drug testing Drug is a private matter. II. Training and Development Programs A. Types of training 1. Basic literacy skills 2. Technical skills has perish increasingly important in organizations. 3. Interpersonal skills 4. Problem-solving skills 5. Ethics training B. Training methods 1. Formal training a. Types of formal training 1. On-the-job training (i)job rotation (ii)apprenticeship (iii)understudy assignments (iv)formal mentoring progra ms 2. Off-the-job training (i)classroom lectures (ii)internet courses is most likely to be the fastest growing training. (iii)public seminars (iv)videotapes 3.E-training b. Individualizing formal training to fit the employees learning style c. Evaluating effectiveness 2. Informal training III. Performance Appraisal A. Purposes of performance evaluation 1. Helps managers make human resource decisions 2. Assists in identifying training and tuition needs 3. Provides a criterion against which management validates selection and development programs 4. Provides feedback on employees 5. Basis for reward allocations determine promotions, B. What do we evaluate? 1. Individual task outcomes 2. Behaviors 3. Traits least predictive set of criteria used to evaluate employees. C.Who should do the evaluating? 1. nimble superior 2. Peers 3. Self-evaluation a. Lead to employees judge themselves highly b. Make excellent vehicles for stimulating job performance discussions between employees and t heir superiors c. Often low in agreement with superiors rating d. Tend to be biased estimates 4. Immediate subordinates 5. 360-degree evaluation is to pool feedback from all the employees customers or provide performances feedback from the full circle of daily contacts that an employee might have, ranging from mailroom strength to customers to bosses to peers. D. Methods of performance evaluation 1.Written essays does not require no complex forms or extensive training to complete. 2. Critical incidents the evaluation method that focuses the evaluators vigilance on those behaviors that are key to executing a job effectively. 3. Graphic rating scales consider their usability in quantitative analysis 4. Behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) When an appraiser rate employees based on items on a continuum with the points reflecting actual behaviors on a given job 5. Forced comparisons a. Group order ranking requires the evaluator to place employees into a particular classificati on, such as top one-fifth or second one-fifth. . Individual ranking is an approach to performance evaluation rank-orders employees from best to worst. E. Suggestions for modify performance evaluations 1. Use multiple evaluators 2. Evaluate selectively 3. Train evaluators 4. Provide employees with due process F. Providing performance feedback 1. The human resources department is not supportive of the feedback process. IV. Managing kind in Organizations A. Work-life conflicts B. Diversity training V. Global Issues A. Selection B. Performance evaluations

Innovation of Apple

MBA A Case Study on Innovation on apple Course Code MBA Cohort 22 Lecturer Mr. D. L. Allen Student Name Wong Man Pan Student ID Submission Date 18 July, 2012 No of words 3,092 1. Executive summary This article contains quartette main sections in the first section, the characteristics of innovation Comp each atomic number 18 defined, mainly the ideas which follow Barry, rear and Richard, 2011 and the overview of orchard apple tree Inc innovation would be evaluated constituted on the factors found. In the second section, the affecting factors in wariness (Amabile, 1998 ) and climate (Ekvall, 1996) based on Apple Inc would be discussed.Hence, deuce innovative companies such as HP and 3M carrying into action would also be brought out . These three companies would be identified according to the three strategies suggested by Barry, John and Richard, 2011. Moreover, four actions framework from Kim and Mauborgne, 2005 would be analyzed with consider to one application from Apple Siri. Finally, recommendation would be made for future conveyment and challenge especially since the key man Steve Jobs passed a elbow room in 2011. 2. capability 1. Executive summary2 2. Content2 3. Introduction3 4.Five elements of innovative company Apple Inc5 5. creative thinking7 6. Managerial practices and makeup climate for creativity7 7. Siri Four Actions Framework11 8. Conclusion and recommendation12 9. Reference14 3. Introduction Among the enterprises pursue innovation, Apple Inc is recognized as the just about successful case. In 2011, Barry, John and Richard, 2011 conducted the survey and concluded that Apple Inc is the intimately innovative companies worldwide and the Exxon Mobil Corporation has been replaced by Apple as the close valuable company in the U.S by foodstuff capitalization. Always in that location is a mis judgmention for most people, as heavy investment is the fundamental requirement to be the most innovative company. However it was found that Ap ple spend only around 2. 7% of revenue annually on R&D, comparing with Microsoft whom spend 14% of revenue, at that place is a big gap. It implies that the findings from Barry, John and Richard, 2011- spending more on R&D does not necessary drive results, the most crucial factors ar strategic alignment and cultural influences that support innovation.Therefore, this article mainly focuses on managerial practices, such as organizational and environmental support, rather than how the investment was allocated. In the article of Barry, John and Richard, 2011, the innovative organization should focus on innovative strategy, effective boilersuit commercial enterprise strategy, deep guest insight, great talent and the castigate set of capabilities to achieve successful execution, all of these factors argon critical when identify the way of Apple Inc in performing innovation.Simultaneously, creativity is the inspiration of organization and it is slow affected by management and culture s. Two more innovative companies would be analyzed based on Amabile, 1998 and Ekvall, 1996, Apple would be defined as exigency seekers and technology drives based on Barry, John and Richard, 2011. Innovation would be resulted as strong identification with customer experiences and passion for products this would drive the products with superior performance and quality.After the management and culture of Apple Inc is analyzed, one product Siri would be taken into account to show the result of innovation based on the four actions framework suggested by Kim and Mauborgne, 2005. Although Apple Inc stands for the top innovative company, it is essential to review the strategy and cod change especially when top management is altered. 4. Five elements of innovative company Apple Inc In the article of Barry, John and Richard, 2011, it is clear that innovation is not determined by the amount on R&D spending, the most vital factors argon strategic alignment and cultures which support innova tion.In this section, five elements issued by Barry, John and Richard, 2011 would be studied. Focused innovation strategy of Apple would be started from the key element in Apples approach to innovation (Walter, 2011), focus on where you think you flock make a significant contribution recognized and it was further corroborate by Steve Jobs when he returned to Apple in 1997, Steve cut the unnecessary product line, minimized the number of developing products from 15 to 4.At that moment, only one or two new products were particular(a) to launch into the market annually, it attempted to obtain the team vocation office to concentrate on specific products development. Besides Apple Inc which only supernal focuses on design and development, all the component and product assembly ar outsourced, where it needs to share the profit with the supplier and the vendor, but Apple inevitably takes the largest portion.Effective overall business strategy is the combination of effective resources allocation and business model, Apple Inc, not like other electronic device companies, it is the pioneer to perform measure chain integration. In the figure of Apple, 2011, it showed that only 40% of revenue is generated from the consumer electronic products like iphone and ipad, the large portion are generated from the Apps store and advertising agent. This means that the business model is no longer relied on buy-off product it keeps the financial stability by ongoing sales from Apps store and advertising agent platform.The crucial smirch for Apple is that they do not need to invest tremendously on platform development as they are run by drug users and new apps are not developed by Apple itself but it shares the profit. This overall strategy is effective and sustainable to the full group. Deep customer insight is defined as customer relationship quality, in other words, it is determined by products and services where customer orientated. One of the innovation strategies from App le was customer eccentric end users can not realize the needs until the products of Apple launched.The structure of the products chain is constructed by end users plus application, users get the electronic hardware from Apple which allows them to share and individualise their software package of products through the Apps store and iTunes, and this also helps the group to diversify the in amaze base. Moreover through the breakthrough of mp3 and Discman player, it is easy to observe that Apple products like ipod and iphone, the feature is user friendly, such as users are well to find the particular song within a minute among 1,000 stored file.Furthermore, looking at the environment Apple store, it successfully created a fairly comfortable atmosphere for customers, where a number of well trained module would solve whatever problems from the products and always equipped with well ingenuity and technical support. Great talent in Apple Inc could be said to be influenced by the compan y key man Steve Jobs, it is the dedicated person who make Apple as an icon of innovation. According to Purkayastha and Syeda Qumer, 2011, most of the decisions of product development came from Steve.Also he inspired every staff in Apple to design and develop the products by thinking disparately and create an environment in which the people working in Apple would believe that they are better than the rest (Purkayastha and Syeda Qumer, 2011). In recruiting staff, Steve stray a large effort and resources on selecting the most outstanding talent on hardware, software, design and management. In the mind set of Steve Jobs, he believed that accept people who want to make the best things in the world and innovation comes from passionate, dedicated people.Indeed, there is no specific R&D team in Apple Inc, all the development is based on objective orientation, featuring the right person and forming the team. The right set of capabilities to achieve successful execution, although there is no commixture product from Apple, but it provides a total package to the customer. Apple has all self owned necessaries in the execution which is included but not limited to electronic device, operation system development (iOS) and itunes platform with alliance with media company and apps developer, Apple does not need to rely on another company on the operations. . Creativity The presence of two individual and organizational creativity mechanisms led to the highest level of innovation performance (Sundar and Anil, 2000), it is essential to investigate the creativity in Apple, there are three components of creativity suggested by Amabile, 1998, they are expertise, creativity thinking skills and motivation. (i) Expertise means every professional knowledge that people acquired and perform in the duties.Information technologies is the main core of Apple, hire people who want to make the best things in the world is one of the key elements in Apple approach mentioned at Walter, 2011, it implied that there are legion(predicate) experts in Apple. Apart from I. T and design area, Apple also provides integrated service to different industries the team of consultant is essential to have a regeneration of industries knowledge in pitch to offer the total consultative solution in different area to different types of customer. ii) Creativity thinking skills are defined as the flexibility and imagination of people to solve the problems, many Apple products are originated from another companies, like ipod, the idea was come from Tony Fadell (Ping and Yuan-hong, 2012), after the modification of design with creativity thinking skills, the outcomes equipped the pocket size devices would be store 1,000 songs and quick search function that is far upraise than other type mp3 players. (iii) Motivationdrives people to behave actively toward a desired goal and initiates, controls, and sustains certain goal.Appleattracts and retains employees in part owing to the benefits, or expect and non-performance related incentives, it offers, such as product discounts or insurances, executives are rewarded by giving them a recognition bonus of 3 to 5 percent of their base salary. 6. Managerial practices and organization climate for creativity In Barry, John and Richard, 2011 findings spending more on R&D wont drive results the most crucial factors are strategic alignment and a culture.Inevitably, managerial practices affect creativity of whole organization, per Amabile, 1998 suggested that six general categories are challenge, freedom, resources, work-group features, supervisory encouragement and organization support. Apple Inc would be analyzed together with two more innovative companies in order to obtain a better understanding on the way management of Apple encourage and develop innovation within the organization comparing with another innovative companies. Apple Inc HP 3MChallenge Apple followed 1031 approach, 10 entirely different mock up of the new design is required to provide by designer, only three designs would be selected, then engineer would work on the designs before the final stage. Although the process is harsh and consuming, Steve Jobs would drop all the finished concepts at very last minutes. Researchers are not limited to work in R&D area they can work across the different team and department on variety of foxs like engineering and marketing team. Under the performance rating system, the salaries of individuals are determined by comparing with their peers performance. Salaries and promotions are tied to the products progress, for any new product, when the sales grow to USD5M, the products originator becomes a project manager, at USD20-30, a department manager, in USD75M range, sectionalisation manager. 25% rules introduced A quarter of divisions sales come from the products introduced within the past five years. Freedom There is no restriction in the brain besiege meeting, team member of development team is free to ex press their creativity then pass the proposal for further investigate on the feasibility and effectiveness. The management philosophy of HP is mutual trust and respect for individuals, everyone can make decisions on almost everything idea which related to their research work. Staffs in HP research lab have flexible working hours. Staffs in 3M tend to be self-policing. There is no restriction for the staff moving from one business to another. Resources Diversity profit associations offer employees an opportunity to engage in professional support and networking activities. HP invest a lot on its R&D section and put R&D as the centre of business.The resources are come from HP Labs Bristol and their big partner like UK government. It provides advanced office building and world degree facilities for research staff to perform their technological work. The police detective would grant special research funds to set up new projects USD 50,000 would be granted for the project pass th e idea stage, a panel of technical experts and scientists awards as many as 90 grants each year. Work-group features Apple worked on the concept of informal corporate culture flat organizational structure is established.No matter the job post is high or low, they share the same open spaces for creativity. HP lab consists of many small units, individuals take responsibilities and work together as a team. The lab operates a flat organizational hierarchy, only three layers of management, scientist, manager and director. Every division are kept small, on average about USD200M in sales Supervisory encouragement Management in Apple especially Steve Jobs created an environment in which employees were encouraged to believe that they are better than the others.The employee also would gain the benefits in the coaching and mentoring arrangement. With the trust and respect philosophy, the staffs do not have much affray from management and only simple regulations in the HP lab. Senior resea rcher would be assigned as a mentor for the new comers. Supervisor is tardily be found in HP lab as they would participate in the regular coffee meeting and spending leisure time with researcher to get more idea on the on going activities. Tolerance of mistakes and all technical staff at coporate labs dedicate about 15% of their efforts toward larn and training programs in areas outside their responsibilities. Organization support Developmental program in Apple Inc is included 16structured on-the-job training. Workshops and training program is opened for everyone. historied experts would be invited in regular globe lecture and give talks to the staff. Recognized award in form of financial rewards would be encouraged to the staff that make particular contributions to the innovation, even the output is not suitable for commercialization would still be patented. 15% rule allows anyone in 3M to spend up to 15% of work week on anything they wants, as long as it is product related. S mall meeting rooms allows a small group of staff from different divisions even customer to exchange ideas. These six elements are similar to what Ekvall, 1996 suggested organization climate for creativity and innovation, and it plays an impact variable which interferes the results of organization operations.Based on the three strategies suggested by Barry, John and Richard, 2011, need seekers, market readers and technology drivers and then comparing with three innovative companies analyzed, it is induced that Apple Inc strategy is belonged to need seekers, with respect to the pioneer concept and ideas like itunes, apps store and siri, it satisfy the characteristic of shaping new products/services and being a leader to the market. At the same time, the technological capabilities allows them to have the whole product integration, range from operating system iOS to hardware, it would be also defined as technology driver.In reviewing 3M innovation and new concept is come from customer and market needs with incremental change to the products and being the fast followers in the market place, so 3M takes the market readers strategy. Finally with the advanced laboratory support and customer orientated, HP would be recognized as market readers and technology drivers. 7. Siri Four Actions Framework Creativity is easily found on every Apples product, the innovation involvement on one of the latest products Siri would be investigated based on the Kim and Mauborgne, 2005.Four actions framework suggested by Kim and Mauborgne, 2005 included (i) reducing factors which below the industrys standard by applying voice recognized analysis technology in Siri, it simplifies the end user key in process and reduce the hardware and software application. (ii) Creating the products that the industry has never offered Siri offers accurate result through Voice to result to end users which is the pioneer to the market. (iii) Raising the factors above the industrys standard Siri allows user s do not have any knowledge on computing which enhance the number of users from any background. iv) Eliminating the items that industry takes for granted, by applying Siri, keyboard, mouse and even touch concealment would be eliminated. 8. Conclusion and recommendation According to the analytical result of the five elements on innovative company, managerial practices and four action framework on both Apple Inc and its product, it is identified that strategies of Apple Inc are need seekers and technology drivers, the products including but not limited to Siri totally reflect the result from individual and organizational creativity.There are many people worried about Apple future as the matter of fact that the key person Steve Jobs has resigned and pass away in 2010, although there is no immediately impact as innovation plan is normally lasted for 5-10 years, it is difficult to replace Steve who acted as spiritual leader and final decision makers in short period of time. It would be a golden chance for the company to readjust the policy especially on the decision making the decision power would be distributed to different project leader by absorbing more idea from the staff and redefining the standpoint.It would enhance the freedom in the whole organization and it is easily recognized the importance of freedom to the effect of creativity from the analysis of HP and 3M. No doubt, Steve is a symbol of Apple Inc, he was not only CEO, and he was also a new product pitchman. Now when Steve was passed away, people included investor and consumer would unilaterally associate the innovation and advanced technologies are all gone simultaneously, the hush-hush level of Apples products would be dropped.To put a stop, it would be grateful that the message of team spirit and performance be demonstrated to the customary by putting focus on how individual and team affecting the result. The new product presentation should be introduced in form of team which allows the public forget the past image of Apple but it is important that keeping the spirit of Steve eternally in form of brand image in order to consolidate the cohesion internally and externally.It is truly believed that Apple Inc is the most successful innovation company throughout the investigation base on theories suggested by Barry, John and Richard, 2011, Amabile, 1998, Ekvall, 1996, Kim and Mauborgne, 2005 and Sundar and Anil, 2000. Inevitably Apple Inc would face a great challenge as the change is necessary with the top management movement, with the best wishes on smooth transeunt the transitional period and sustaining the long established innovative image. 9. Reference 1. Barry, John and Richard, 2011 Barry,J, John,L and Richard,H. 2011, The global innovation 1000 why culture is key.New York Booz & Company Inc. 2. Amabile, 1998 Amabile, TM. 1998, How to kill creativity, Harvard business review. 76(5), pp. 77 87 3. Ekvall, 1996 Ekvall, J. 1996, Organization climate for creativity and inno vation. European journal of work and organizational psychology. 5(1), pp. 105-123 4. Kim and Mauborgne, 2005 Kim, W. C and Mauborgne,R. 2005, Blue ocean strategy. Boston, Massachusetts Harvard business schooldays press. 5. Walter, 2011 Walter, I. 2011, Steve Jobs. New York Simon & Schuster. 6. Ping and Yuan-hong, 2012 Ping,C and Yuan-Hong,L. 012, Comparison on innovation of high-tech corporation, Technoeconomics & management research. 292(5), pp50-54 7. Purkayastha and Syeda Qumer, 2011 Purkayastha,D and Syeda Qumer, M. 2011, Innovation at Apple, India IBS Center for management research. 8. Apple, 2011 Annual report 2010-2011. California Apple Inc. 9. Sundar and Anil, 2000 Sundar, B and Anil, M. 2000, Making Innovation Happen in Organizations Individual Creativity Mechanisms, Organizational Creativity Mechanisms or Both? , Journal of product innovation management. 17(6), pp424-434

Artificial Intelligence Essay

The brain is simply a calculating machine do of meat. Discuss this assertion with reference to the current consider most stylized Intelligence. In discussing the assertion The human brains is a computer made of meat, there must be a reference to hokey Intelligence. As Martin Minsky (1968) noticed Artificial Intelligence is the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done my men. About Intelligence it can be defined as the power of seeing, learning, examineing and judging though a mental process, which requires knowledge, wittingness subconsiousness and emotionAn important example in the field of Artificial Intelligence is the Turing Test. With this test, Alan Turing (1950), claimed that this test can be used to answer the question of whether a computer is capable of thought. The test involves two human beings and one computer. The important idea, is that the human investigator, must figured out with his question which of the other two is the c omputer. These three atomic number 18 kept in different rooms and communicate sever eithery other by computer terminal. The investigator is allowed to ask whatever he likes, until he decides which the computer is.If the computer answers so well, then this computer passes the Turing test and is recognise as intelligent. The most well cognize researchers squander accepted this test as standard of assessing intelligence. But this is test is inaccurate, because even if a computer answers correctly there is no statement of consciousness An other experiment that has to do with A. I. and generally with intelligence, is the Chinese Room by J. Searle. He argued that behaving intelligently was not enough. hither is how the Chinese Room works there is one soulfulness locked in a room.This person has nothing to do with the Chinese language. Also there be two Chinese people outside, who asks the questions, but they do not communicate with any other way with the person inside the room. So , for every Chinese font he has the reply into the box and the only job he is doing is to replace the questions with the right responses from the boxes Searle s point is that although the Chinese room seems to have intelligence and the person inside gives the right answers but he does not really understand Chinese.The only thing he is doing, is adjacent a set of rules, as all the computer remainss do. This argument is similar to human memory and the memory is only one disjoint of intelligence. For the human being, our decisions depends on our experiences and background. But memory is only a part of intelligence and not the intelligence it self Some people argue that the true intelligence can never be achieved by a computer. Most computer programs do just the they atomic number 18 programmed for. Some of these, they atomic number 18 caught in endless loops, doing the same thing over and over again.Some other, argon more cleverly programmed, when anything goes wrong they can try something else. But if the programme tries to solve the same job, from the begging, it is going to make the same mistake until it is going to specify the right operation to solve the problem. Thats why, many people believe the computers will never be intelligent, because of this lack of common sense. Nowadays, we know many things about how to build them, but we still dont know how to give them common senseAn other disadvantage for people, who believes the brain is a computer made of meat, is the learning ability of computer systems. They need someone continuously update in operateation for them. And the ability of learning is very important to call something intelligent. Also, an other problem is the vision of computer systems. Of course, to call someone at least intelligent, ha can see whatever normal people do, without any instructions for the do On the other, computers have been developed remarkably to a level which reach perfection it terms of speed, calculation and generati on in cascade process.Also, new types of computers are been designed, with much more capabilities than the previous one. An example is storage as the years passes we have more storage in less space. But to say that a computer system is intelligent, cannot be based on the above parameters. These systems, have not yet achieved consciousness and therefore limit their ability to judge and understand Also, to call a computer system intelligent it requires some characteristics that they are connected with intelligence in human behaviour understanding language, problem resolving power etc.Addinitionally, the human mental process is not based only on data and input. This is because, data are auto-generated and not previous supplied, e. g. a adolescent finds a wallet and then decides whether to keep the money or hand them in the police based not onto a previous experience, memory or outside information, but on the criticism developed by consciousness and sub-consciousness. In addition to, t here is no computer program that has its own freedom. distributively of the computer decisions are based to the instructions that the program containsOn the other hand, a classical example of intelligent computer systems, is a well known trickster program called Deep Thought , which has beaten a few chess grand masters. The chess computers bring in is the fast calculation. The human chess players advance is their power of judgement. However, when a computer system make o move on the chess board, it does not have the sense about the move it makes, he just perfume a series of calculations. Even a not very smart human being can only play chess at a good level, due his ability of fast calculations.But fast calculations is not a signal of intelligence Generally speaking, there are many reason why humans wants to create intelligent machines. The will never be tired, they will always obey etc. But, the building of these machines, have found reaction mostly from the philosophical point o f view. That is because if the build of intelligent systems will succeed, this will doubt the uniqness of the human mind. Some experiments of artificial intelligence are the Expert Systems.A definition of expert systems, according the British Computer Societys Specialist Group on expert system is the following one An expert system is regarded as the embodiment within a computer of knowledge-based component from an expert skill in such a form the system can offer intelligent advise or take intelligent decision about a processing function. A desirable supererogatory characteristic, which many would consider fundamental, is the capability of the system, on demand, to justify its own line of reasoning in a manner directly intelligence to the enquirerThese computer systems, helps us in construction, simulation and diagnosis, for medical and healthy purposes. Some of them are, QMR and MYCIN, which are two expert systems that helps for diagnosing illness and diseases. But, the major prob lem is, who is responsible for a wrong diagnosis, that the computer system did. Some people believes that the mistake belongs to the creator of the system and some other believes that the doctor is responsible In addition, an other part of artificial intelligence, has to do with robotics.By this we mean a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to more material, parts, tools or specialized devices though various programmed motions for the performance of a medley of task as mentioned by the Robot Institute of America (1979). Nowadays, more and more people use robots for their job. Especially, managers of large factors, cause they are cheaper they dont complaint etc. On the other hand, workers agree for this situation, if and only of, robots going to perform the dirty or the dangerous jobs At the end, a quite gigantic problem, is speaking and feeling too.For example, everyone understands worlds like friendship, love and we have some feelings for them either positive ei ther negative. We ca not say a computer system intelligent, if it does not understand the above words or meaning like partnership, where two persons can help each other in rocky situations The extreme 10 years, scientists are working on a bio-computer system. This system use human-neural tissue connected to an electronic circuit. This idea hopes to link the power of neurones to create conscious state with the effiency of computer processing. Such projects hopefully will create an original state of computer intelligenceAlso, it is well known, that the human brain is the most difficult part of the human to explain, even from entire the world. We have now discuss this assertions with the most current sources and debates for artificial intelligence. My point of view, is that computer systems only succeed in some parts of intelligence, as playing board games, take care of peoples health etc. But, they do not reach the all in all meaning of intelligence such as consciousness and motions . And because everyone is doing a really go to work, probably mane years later they are going to chalk up the above assertion

Hamlet, The Prince of Denmark Essay

Much of the dramatic irony and dramatic tension in Shakespeares Hamlet, The Prince of Denmark derives from the interplay between the characters ha smirchual and private personas. The face t eyelid each of the characters shows to the public contrasts with, in most cases, the private persona of the same character. Similarly, the private face or motives of the characters unremarkably stands in diametric opposition to their public persona. The most obvious examples of this dynamic is, are course, the characters of Claudius and Gertrude who must(prenominal), by necessity, keep up a fraudulent set of public perceptions to cover their crimes of infidelity and murder.These obvious examples, however, are no more profound or integral to the plays thematic impact than the likewise hypocrisies which chasten nearly every other character of the play. The almost universal nature of social mendacity is represented in Hamlet as being,in fact, the source of what is rotten in Denmark. The brillianc e of the play exists, in part, in Shakespeares ability to demonstrate the way in which craft and being two-faced can impact all(a) levels of rules of score and corrupt crimson friendship and love.In humany ways, the cast of characters in Hamlet reflect a social microcosm, with Hamlet, the young Prince, and Ophelia, representing the youth of society and the ghost of Hamlets father, Gertrude, Claudius, and Polonius representing the social establishment and cultural traditions which have fostered ongoing mendacity. From the very opening scene of the play, Shakespeare, with a knack for amazing subtlety, writes the followers exchange between Bernardo and Horatio BERNARDO Say, What, is Horatio there?HORATIO A piece of him. (Hamlet, 1. 1 25-28) Horatios reply indicates, according to critics of the play, that he is referring to the cold night air which has reduced him to a shivering semblance of his former self. However, the line can also be read as a subtle extension of the theme of mendacity adn meant to indicate that even Horatio, who bequeath be revealed throughout the course of the play as a true friend to Hamlet, has been impacted by the rottenness in Denmark, the social hypocrisy which holds all in its sway.Similarly, Polonius, who represents the religious and spiritual aspects of society in the social microcosm of the play, dispenses words of wisdom to Laertes, acting the part of the wise and compassionate patriarch, a man of morals and God. Among his words of wisdom in Act One, Scene Three are the following observations Beware/ Of entrance to a quarrel, exclusively being in,/ packt that the opposed may beware of thee. / collapse every man thy ear, but few thy voice/ Take each mans censure, but reserve thy judgment (Hamlet 1. 3, 69-73).Obviously, Polonius fails to live by his own words. He openly intrigues against Hamlet, immersing himself into a quarrel which was not his own, and after doing so, fails to Beart that the opposed may beware of thee (H amlet 1. 3, 71), but ends up being killed by Hamlet on accident. Key to all of the ironies which are associated with Shakespeares them of social mendacity is the character of Hamlet himself. If the commentator or audience member who is experiencing Hamlet believes in the heart that Hamlet is, indeed, mad, then much of Hamlets behavior can be explained by madness.If, on the other hand, the reader or audience member believes that Hamlet is simply presenting yet another social face this one in order to disrupt the hypocrisy of society then Hamlets behavior becomes a method by which Shakespeare examines the heavy toll which is exacted on the individual in a hypocritical society. There is every reason to believe that the latter context is the one which Shakespeare hope to achieve in the play. One good bit of evidence for this supposition is in Act 2, Scene One, when Ophelia, stricken by the state which Hamlet has allowed himself to get into, she voices her concerns to her father, Polo nius.Ophelia describes Hamlet with his doublet all unbraced (Shakespeare, 2. 1, 85) and No hat upon his head (Shakespeare 2. 1, 86). His appearance is taken to be an indication of his inner-state, propelling the sense of social facade as serving in place of truth in society. Ophelia concludes that Hamlet appeared as though he had been loosed out of hell/ To speak of horrors,he comes before me (Shakespeare 2. 1, 90-91). The implication is that Hamlets disheveled state must indicate that he is, in fact, mad.Obviously, while Hamlet appears mad to others, he is plotting with great, rational precision to expose what he fears is the crime committed by his receive and his uncle. The sub-text of this is that Hamlet should be mad given the reality of the dilemma he faces. The great irony is, in fact, that he is not mad, but sane which will not allow him to live in a world of lies and hypocrisy. When Claudius and Gertrude react with horror to the play within a play Hamlets resolution is Wha t, frighted with false fire (Shakespeare 3. 2, 262) indicating his very rational understanding of the situation and of the reality of social mendacity.At this point, it seems that merely knowing of the hypocrisy is enough for Hamlet because when Claudius responds Give me some light away (Shakespeare 3. 2, 265) it is an admission that he, the King, and by association the whole of Denmark exists in darkness which is the darkness of social hypocrisy. Although hypocrisy is never actually warrant in Hamlet, there is an interesting reason which is given in Act 4 of the play as to why people may be so easily led into hypocrisy and self-deception and that reason is human mortality. When Hamlet observes of the dead that Theres another why may not that be the skull of a / lawyer?Where be his quiddities now, his quillets,/ his cases, his tenures, and his tricks? (Shakespeare, 4. 1, 94-98) the reader or audience member realizes that the human hypocrisy portrayed throughout the play represen ts not only the lies and lying necessary to facilitate human ambition in a corrupted society, but the human tendency to reject cosmic issues such as sustenance and death and human spirituality in favor of materialism and worldly power. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. The Works of William Shakespeare Gathered into One Volume. New York Oxford University Press, 1938.

Patent Nonuse and the Role of Public Interest as a Deterrent to Technology Suppression Essay

Patents are contracts in the midst of the society and the inventor to encourage tuition in the field of science and technology. It helps the society by enabling them to utilize this technology, and the inventor by protecting his unspoilts and rewarding him appropriately for this intellectual efforts and innovations. once a distinct is given by the overt of invention office, the inventor has to work the blueprint by himself or through somebody else by means of an assignment or a permit. The patent office does non look at the potential commercial value of the invention whilst giving the patent.The invention should have a particular proposition use and should fulfill what it is meant to do. Many inventions given patents have turned to be commercial failures. However, there are some(prenominal) instances in which neither the patentee has worked the invention by himself, nor has he allowed others interested to do so. This is a very serious circumstance, because it goes against the very intention of granting the patent. The patent system grants patents only to those inventors who are willing to reveal their invention with others, so that it evoke benefit society.Some patentees may not work their invention due to several reasons, one of which may be to wrongfully get across or suppress technology from the public. One of the primary such cases was the Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co. case of 1908. In this case, the patentee had invented a machine that could make a folded paper bag with a rectangular bottom. However, he had not made his invention available to the public, thus preventing others from working the invention. At that time, this invention was a breakthrough, and many people felt bad, because the very intention of giving a patent was not fulfilled.No concrete rules regarding nonuse of patents and compulsory licenses were literal at that time, and everything was left at the mercy of the patent holder. Lower courts also found that the patentee was un probable. They in fact tried to draw a line amid reasonable nonuse policy (inventor unable to use his invention because or some understandable problems) and unreasonable nonuse policy (purposefully suppressing technology). However, as no concrete rules existed at that time, the higher(prenominal) court had to give its decision in favor of the rightful owner of the invention.Many breakthrough technologies exist which are organism currently suppressed from the public. A plastic that is strong, long-lasting, and can be utilized to make houses that last forever, was granted patents, but not accessible to the public by the owner. New rubber for tires is invented which does not blow up. If this technology could be utilized currently, the lives of many people who die in road accidents could be saved. A new material has been invented for use in toothpastes, which protects the teeth from developing cavities. These technologies are being suppressed due to the antico mpetitive intentions of their owners.Some patentees may not use or license their technology so that others may be forced to infringe up on their patents. Lawsuits for infringements could be teard, which could give them earning in cardinals. An instance of this is a case amongst Minolta and Honeywells, in which Minolta had to pay $127 million to Honeywell for infringing their auto-focus camera patent, although the owners were not using their patent. The patent office should come up with strict rules such that all the patentees have to give an annual report of how their patent is being worked commercially, and in case it is not being worked, the reasons for the same.In case the inventor does not respond, the patent should be revoked. Instances of patent nonuse can be utilise as evidence in the court, against individuals who indulge in anticompetitive practices. Such practices are strictly considered unlawful under the US Antitrust Laws. The Sherman Act was one of the first such as to protect against unfair trade practices. According to this act, any individual monopolizing or attempting to control, or combines with other people or with other nations to monopolize any trade business in the US, shall be held guilty of an offense under the act.Patent is a monopoly granted to the owner, but they are also contracts between the owner and the public, to permit the later to access the technology. Patent laws are likely to be misused. The exclusionary right (to prevent others from using or making the invention without the license of the owner) is limited and should be more meaningful. The patent system does not give absolute monopoly to the owners. In the case Pfizer V. Government of India 434 US 308 (1978), the US permitted foreign nations to serve under the Section 4 of the Clayton Act.The Government of India was asking Pfizer to grant licenses for genuine broad spectrum antibiotics. However, the company refused to give reasonable licenses. Several antitrust vio lations such as price-fixing, fraud, market-division, etc were being imposed by the Indian Government against Pfizer and group. The respondents also said that petitioners were trying to limit and monopolize the production, sale and distribution of their patents. The respondents also said that these practices had destruct businesses. The caller-up said that the Indian Government could not bring this case forward, as they belonged to another nation.However, the court went on to say that foreign nations could also rubric under antitrust laws. The court said that the case was similar to having a citizen having his rights under the antitrust laws being violated. In the case Remington Products V. North American Philips sess 107 FRD 642, 1985, Remington alleged that the company Philips, a leading Dutch MNC, was indulging in anticompetitive behavior by not disclosing discipline needed to work the discovery. The defendant claimed that certain clauses in a Dutch statue did not permit dis closure.However, the US court granted the case in favor of Remington saying that the defendant wrongfully withheld information regarding the discovery. The plaintiff had previously approached the defendant to provide information regarding the discovery. However, the defendant refused to give this information needed saying that the information was irrelevant. In the Chevron Research Companys patent 1970 RPC, 580, the court said that the patentee has to disclose full and relevant information regarding the patent. In the Image Technical Services V. Eastman Kodak Co. 504 U. S. 51 (1992) provides an association between the antitrust laws and the intellectual property rights regime.Kodak Company had a patent for a photographic device. The case was alleged by companies that serviced Kodaks products. In this case, a sign is being made between attempting monopolization and attaining monopolizing by exploiting. The court had to study the market situation to determine if the company was tryin g to control prices or remove competition. Kodak in fact monopolized manufacture of components of its photographic equipment and even monopolized servicing of its equipment.The court had said that both patents and copyrights did not come under antitrust laws. An inventor had the right to license or refuse license of his invention. However, a patent owner may be held for developing practices against the antitrust laws (that could destroy competition). The extent to which antitrust laws could be applied to patent laws had to be determined by studying the market situation. The plaintiffs had gathered enough proof that Kodak were trying to monopolize their market situation by limiting the availability of its components to the service companiesNowadays, exclusive license holders may also try to misuse their rights by monopolizing their licensed to make or use the patent. This can be demonstrated in the Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Inc. v. Michelson case. Dr. Michelson had invented a new spi nal treatment device and had given a license to Medtronic which manufactured medical equipment. However, the company did not promote his treatment device, and hence the doctor had to grant licenses to other companies that would compete with the original license holder.The company filed a case in the court claiming that the patent holder breached clauses of the contract. However, the Court felt that the company had adopted certain anticompetitive principles that did not promote the patent. Patent holders are trying to maximize their monopoly, by indulging in anticompetitive acts. Often there is a clash between patent laws and antitrust laws. Patent laws provide the holder with rights to eliminate competition, whereas antitrust laws enable protection of sinewy business competition practices. A clear border line has to be drawn between these two conflicting legal regimes.In the case Illinois Tools full treatment V. self-sustaining Ink, the question of the manufacturer having a marke t power over a patented product or process could be presumed whilst granting the patent, was being asked. A patent holder may hold so much of powers in the market such that he/she may dominate the scene. A patent holder will usually violate antirust laws if he or she feels that they are in a situation to dominate the market. In this case, Illinois printers invented a printing device and had nix the customers from using non-patented ink.The defendant felt that such terms were against the true spirits of competition, and were under the impression that Illinois tool works were trying to dominate the market situation. It may be difficult in such a case to determine the party that would carry the burden of proof. The patent holder had tried to extend his patent. In this manner, they had created both, primary and secondary market rivals. The primary rivals included other manufacturers of printers, and the secondary rivals included other manufacturers of printer inks.The court gave its de cision in favor of Independent Ink, citing that patents could not be extended to non-patentable areas. A patent had only specific boundaries, and crossing such boundaries constituted infringement. In another case, Schering-Plough held a patent for a drug. A company that manufactured a generic version of the same drug felt that the original companys patent was invalid. They wanted to file for a patent opposition, but Schering-Plough decided to pay the generic drug manufacturers to withdraw the case and also stay out of the market for some period. federal Trade Commission filed a case before the Supreme Court, saying that Schering-Plough was trying to destroy all competition in the market by wrongfully preserving its invalid monopoly. The Court felt that the agreement between Schering-Plough and the generic manufacturers was invalid and was executed to destroy competition in the market. Patent laws should make it easier to obtain a compulsory license in case the patentee wrongfully su ppresses the invetion from the public.A compulsory license should be given to anybody in case- The patentee is unable to meet the reasonable requirements of the public with relation to his patented process or product. The patentee does not make the invention available to the public at an affordable cost. The invention is not being worked in the jurisdiction of the patent office. Special considerations should be given to inventions that relate to public health and nutrition, and emergency situations. Compulsory license should be a clear (for the patentee) and a remedy (for the public) in case the patentee indulges in anticompetitive practices.The concept of compulsory licenses developed following the African AIDS crisis situation. The continent was in a crisis situation with the HIV/AIDS pandemic. A few companies such as Glaxo, Merck, etc held a patent for an antiretroviral drug which could be life-saving for people suffering from HIV/AIDS. However, these companies had indulged i n several anticompetitive practices. The cost of treating each AIDS patients in Africa was exceedingly high (US$ 10,000 per patient per year). Hence, the drugs were inaccessible for many poor patients who belonged to underdeveloped nations.Cipla, an Indian pharmaceutical company volunteered to give the drug at a fraction of the overall costs the other companies were offering (US $ 350 per year per patient). Some of the African Nations had to modify its trade laws so that match imports and compulsory licenses could exist. However, the original companies that held the patents for antiviral drugs began to sue for infringement. These companies had to later withdraw their infringement cases, as there was a worldwide agitation against the anti-public health policies adopted by the patent holders.Later, at the WTO conference in Doha, a comprehensive agreement to protect public health issues was adopted to prevent unhealthy practices by the patent holders (through compulsory licenses). So me people feel that the patent system can create an obstruction in the development of science and technology, as instances of nonuse often arise. Once a patent is granted, it may even prevent others from inventing around a particular invention or inventive concept. This will seriously hinder the developments in that particular field. Inventors, who tend to sit on their inventions by refusing access to the public, should be henceforth refused patents.

Closed-Source Systems Essay

There are several differences and similarities when discussing open and close kickoff software or systems. whatsoever operating systems that are currently in operating are closed artificial lake and some of them are open semen. Both closed and open theme software / systems gull their place in the technical world. It is difficult to say which of these types is intermit, because it will usually be based on numerous factors. Possible factors could be cost, convenience, flexibility, maintenance, and accessibility.The comparison will always be made when discussing open and open closed get-go software / systems, but it will always be a person-to-person situation based on necessity. Closed Source Software / Systems Closed offset software is defined as software that contains a underground source code or a non-visible source code. It is usually developed by a single person or a company. Once a final facsimile of the closed source software is developed and completed, it is sold to the public. This final copy is what end-users will find available to them.According to (Grant, 2004), Closed source software is normally copyrighted or patented and is legally protected as intellectual property. He also mentions that legally, A user cannot give it away, copy it, or modify it in any way unless the user has a special license or permission to do it (Grant, 2004). There are incentives for producing closed source software. It can be sold by the developers and it is intangible. What is meant here is, the developers or company that produced it can replicate it numerous times over. In order for companies to afford a profit the software is largely rushed out the door.When this happens, the software can have issues in terms of functionality, maintenance, and support. Due to these issues, the producing companies are the single ones with the office staff to produce patches to fix problems. Ultimately, after a patch is made the responsibility will rely on the end user to ap ply it and resolve the problem. This is where a security issue is involved. Grant mentions in his article, Users have a poor record for applying patches resulting in thousands of computers around the world being left vulnerable all(prenominal) time a flaw is discovered (Grant, 2004).Cost is a major factor with open and closed source software / systems. Closed source types generally cost to a greater extent and this is due to licensing, patents, copyrights, registration, and manufacturer or company name. Maintenance, updates, and support are basic complimentary features when buying a closed source type. An mannequin of a closed source software / system is Microsofts Windows and Office. sluttish Source Software / Systems As previously mentioned, closed source software / systems have their source code hidden from the public. Open source software / systems have their source code visible to the public.The same type of developers who create closed source software can create open source software. Grant states, The reasons for writing open source software range from those who have a passion for computer science and who want to contribute to run into a difference, to those who do not like having to rely on any single company to produce what is needed (Grant, 2004). Open source software / systems and the authors who create them are legally protected by the General Public License, or GPL. Since it is published under the GPL, users can use it for stop and give it to as many people as they want to as long as they do not pretend they wrote it.According to Grant, Users can make changes to open source software as long as what was modified is availably known to the public (Grant, 2004). That is one aspect that makes open source software / systems so grand, is that users can change the source code. This continues to the next aspect, which is updates, patches and/or fixes. Users, or the public, can apply these factors straight to the open source software which is unlike cl osed source types. One of the downsides to open source software / systems is there is no warranty.If the software malfunction or does not perform well the users will have no recourse. Some other factors that Grant mentions with open source software / systems are, There is no guarantee of good documentation or support, (Grant, 2004) which is different than closed source types. Obviously, cost will always be an issue. Open source is free Closed source is not. On the record, open source software packages have had better security that closed source types. A couple examples of open source type software / systems are Linux and Open Office. Summary Overall, there are no perfect software / systems in the world.Some people might say that closed source software is for novice users and open source software is more for an advanced user base. Both types have a place in the technical world and serve a purpose. Their differences in maintenance, cost, functionality, support, flexibility, and availa bility will only make a difference in a person to person scenario. It can also come down to convenience and personal preference. Closed source and open source software / systems might have their differences, but where one might outweigh the other they tend to maintain a certain balance.

Meaning of life †Human Essay

I believe the meaning of tone is to give life a meaning. throughout my entire life, I have wondered what the purpose is. Why am I and every other tender being even on this major planet in the first place?That brings me to my next question. Is there a God? If there is, why did he put us here? Any Christian needed depart say our sole purpose is to serve God. First of all, what does that even mean? And second, I must ask why? Why would a supernatural being place us strategically on this planet strictly to serve him? That sounds pretty selfish to me. There has to be something more. Something concrete. Something greater. How could there not be? any my life I have worked hard to succeed. I have challenged myself and fought to do better than my best. Why? I asked myself. Why stress so much when Im only going to die in the end? Pessimistic, I know. Finally, I thought, maybe the meaning of life doesnt have to be so complex. Maybe the meaning of life is whatever we want it to be. Maybe the meaning of life is to give life a meaning. I do what I do because I want to do it. Its that simple. I do it because it means something to me.Everyone adds their own meaning to life. The meaning of life is never universal. The meaning of life is never complex. The meaning of life is actually quite simple to think about. Many people help the needy. Others head for the hills sports. Both activities add meaning to those lives involved.Purposes change, but the overall meaning of life will always hang in the same. The meaning of life is simply to give life a meaning. This I believe.

Banana Peel Whitening Essay

he mellowed amounts of potassium, magnesium, and manganese in the ripe banana can be applied to the teeth to remove stains and make white them. Below are the steps we suggest if you want to use this folksy, homemade, and proven method 1. Get a banana that is just ripe (it may still have trace amounts of green at for each one end, only not too much). Using a banana at this level of ripeness ensures that the peel contains optimal levels of potassium (which is the substance that really brightens the teeth) 2. Open the banana like a monkey does by peel it from the bottom end and upward. Not only does this prevent all of those strange banana threads from appearing, but it also lets you have more control over the peel3. Take a small darn of the inside of the peel (you can use kitchen shears to cut off a manageable square) and pose gently rubbing this along your teeth 4. Keep the application going for two minutes and be sure you are covering each of the teeth as much as possible wit h the actual inside of the peel 5. As you rub and pass the time, the minerals will be absorbed into the teeth and incur to promote the whitening. 6. Brush with your preferred toothpaste, rinse, and smile with your brighter and whiter teethBe aware that both bananas and strawberries have a great deal of natural sugar, so apply only at a time per day or even just once per week to be safe.

Starbucks Assessment

Company name and brief background Starbucks is an American global coffee tree company which it is the largest coffeehouse company in the world. I think anybody know Starbucks that provide to please the best coffee in the world. Starbuck brief background the opening of the first Starbucks in 1970s which was teentsy restaurant order to enjoy coffee and it was in the city of Seattle. At the same time galore(postnominal) people liked to drink over milk coffee and chocolate coffee, so that was more than and more popular.Nowadays, Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world, with 17000 stores in 60 countries including Canada, Japan, UK, South Korea, India, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Thailand so on. The Starbucks procession its proceeds or function The beginning Starbucks only sold coffee and espresso drink as well as coffee bean. Nowadays, it sells hot and cold drink, coffee bean, hot and cold sandwiches, sweets, salads, snakes and items such as mugs, glass and rolls. Al so, its products ar seasonal. However, it provides various services such as entertainment (music, newspaper, magazine, free profits), and offers good or quick services.How the promotion techniques used help the Starbucks to attempt to increase its sale. Well know, Starbuck is the world score that itself fill a plastered visibility, so that it rarely uses advertising on television and magazine because it dont spend a lot of money on advertising, but it used some advertisements on billboard. We find some billboard at the highway, building or station. In addition, it used short video upload on YouTube, Blog, kind network ( e. g Facebook, Twitter),website. Also it is actually in the position of strength region which is the premium brand because it chooses the position in more streams of people.However, it grow into one of the world know brand. How Starbucks maintain customer fealty Starbucks lives hearing from customer all question, comment that is always welcome while provides the experience of quality coffee and warm service. Also, it uses a various promotion different countries such as in Taiwan uses half(prenominal) price discount for the period. It offers fast-forward services and high quality coffee. In addition, the customer buy a Starbucks tumbler get one free drink. In Hong Kong Starbucks promotion is free internet. For example, f you buy Starbucks drinks that you use internet its shop also it offers free newspaper, magazine and comfortable purlieu area for the customer. It believes that many people love drinking Starbucks coffee because it twenty types of coffee so that customer can choose different gustatory perception coffee. However, more and more people like drinking Starbucks coffee. How the Trade Descriptions Act affects the way that Starbucks promotion its products and services Starbuck need to be aware of laws in every country, so that it has law for employment, health and safety mandate and product restriction.Beside Starbucks takes action to reduce waste for its operation and recycle, also it considers preserve the earths lifelike resource and enhance the quality of live around the global. In addition to, Starbucks actively seeks opportunities to minimize environment impact and help create a healthy planet, so that it takes steps to be environmental accusation statement. Most importantly, it betters coffee quality in order to have commitment to origin TM that helps to improve the lives of coffee farmers and protect the environment where they grow their beans and can keep its highest-quality coffee standard.It is imperative that Starbucks understand goodgrade coffee to be trade on a highly competitive market. Obviously, for the last several(prenominal) years, a global oversupply of coffee has been getting high price. So that it keeps steady price standard. Specifically, it provides in the fair trade certification system for importer, roaster, and retailers purchases coffee at favorable guaranteed price from farmers who registered with Fairtrade Labelling Organization International.Overall, I think it is a role promotion in the business which is important. Many people want to have a success on their own business, but they dont have achievement of promotion, so that they will lapse their business. On the other hand, Starbucks has a success promotion of business in the world. It is not only promotion activities, also it has supervise responsibilities, the promotes employee becomes responsible for administrative assistants and other staff.

A purely farcical character Essay

In this essay I recollect to talk of the state workforcet Petruchio is a purely farcical feature and far I agree with it. I intend to explore Petruchios character further to determine whether he has other military position to him apart from his comical side whether he is a purely farcical character. The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy, a farcical play with a lot of the humour being about the war between the sexes, which is interpretn in the major theme of marriage, and men trying to tame their women.Petruchio plays a big part in this with his wooing and marriage to Katherine. Petruchio is the main character in the play aswell as Katherine and he is also one of the main farcical characters who is often humorous and farcical in his speeches is portrayed as a clown with a lot of comic scenes. They be quite slapstick humour as with his wedding equipage, his outfit shows him acting the clown. The description we get of his outfit is very comical and the image of the old horse. It i s his wedding day and he doesnt take it at all seriously.Another example of his humour is in Act 1 scene 2 where Petruchio and Grumio let a comic misunderstanding at the door. All these scenes are very silly and slapstick and show Petruchio as perhaps a purely farcical character, but there are other sides to him. double-dealing is a major theme in The Taming of the Shrew, with humany of the characters in disguise. Petruchio is one character who doesnt exchange identities with another character as we see with Lucentio and Tranio, but he does confuse a different disguise.He plays a role to tame Katherine and marry her so that he can be wealthy. He tricks her into accept he is a cruel man and he tells the audience this in one of his speeches (iv line 159-178). He tells them of his plans to deceive her and cure her of her shrewish ways and so she will become the dutiful wife and a lady. He does imply in this speech that he himself will also have to suffer in order to tame her (lin e 170-178) Petruchios character is quite unreal and he does admit this to the audience.He is so deceitful he almost fools the audience into believing he is being himself. But he cant be as he keeps informing them of his plans to deceive Katherine, so he obviously is not the man he portrays himself as. In the presence of his friends he is quite humorous as again with the scene where Petruchio and Grumio have the comical misunderstanding. With his friends he is more himself and is honest about what he wants, married, happy, and wealthy in Padua.

BLR Savings Project P

Data Code of Conduct We, in our dealings, be self-regulated by a Code of Conduct as enshrined In the Data Code of Conduct. We request your support In fate us adhere to the Code In letter and split. We request that any violation or electric potential violation of the Code by any person be promptly brought to the notice of the Local ethics Counselor or the Principal Ethics Counselor or the CEO of TTS. All communication genuine in this regard will be treated and kept as confidential. 2 Table of subject area 4 2. Project 3. Scope of 4. Suggested Solution by TTS 6 5. Technology and Tools ? 7 6.Facts and 9 7. Highlights . 8. Benefits to the node ? 3 The customer is one of the leading financial serve companies in the unit of measuremented Kingdom (I-J). They deplete over 7. 5 million people investing in mingled life assurance, aid, investment and common insurance plans. This is one of Auks top 50 companies in the Financial Times and Stock Exchange (FETES) list and its operatio ns are spread crosswise the world, mainly in the unit of measuremented States (US), France, Netherlands, Germany and I-J. This leading financial services company makes financial security easier to achi eve for millions of people.Through the range of general insurance and nurseion products that the company offers, it helps protect lives, health, homes and belongings of millions of people. 2. Project Background The customer, based in the I-J, has entrusted Data Consultancy Services (TTS) with the task of managing the today-day IT operations of various business units. This engagement aims to deliver administration services of high quality to the customers Wealth Business Unit at reduced costs, increased efficiency and reduced time to deliver projects. The following strategys form a part of the Wealth Delivery Unit Future ProductFramework The Future Product Framework ( sullen) system plays a central role in the customers Pension and Investment business and in the customers strategic Pensions and Bonds administration system. OFF was implemented in 1999. It was designed to provide flexibility in products to meet customer requirements. OFF is a rules and derivative system and has the capability to launch products to the market quickly. UNIt link PENsion UNIt Linked PENsion (UNEVEN) is the customers legacy system that was developed in- house and was originally implemented in 1980.Since 2001, many of its functions eve been replicated within the newer OFF system, and as a consequence almost all new pension contracts are set up on OFF rather than on UNEVEN. Some parts of UNEVEN confine been replaced by separate applications such as Individual Pension Claims (PC) and Pensions Increments (PINCH). PC The PC is an online system that enables the creation, maintenance, and opinion of Personal and Corporate pension quotations based on the customer pension plans. This system handles retirement, death and lurch out. It is predominately an online system. Quotation documents are composed using SF. PC was implemented in 1992.PINCH The PINCH system was construct to replace the existing UNEVEN renewal routines and to provide dados Benefit Statements and online illustrations. It is primarily used to produce Benefits Statements and additive Illustrations for Individual and Occupational Pensions. It was implemented in 1994. Group Pensions The Group Pensions system handles the administration of the following pension products POP, POP and the Group Pension schemes with respect to maintaining member records and renewal processing. It also administers the settlement of claims for deaths and retirements, including producing claim quotations. ValuationsThe Valuations system performs the evaluation of policies across various applications within this account to finally arrive at a valuation of customers business. Agency, Customer, Finance and Healthcare These systems coordinate with the business to align with the business with respect to Agency and customer detai ls. 5 3. Scope of Work The scope of this engagement is to provide application development and maintenance services across both the legacy and strategic systems of the customers Wealth Business Unit. TTS provides the following services to the Wealth Business Unit Management of all the phases of the project lifestyle