India in 2020 free essay sample

Except if and until there is fairly a worldwide war or an extraordinary, annihilating normal catastrophe during the coming six-seven years, I am sure of seeing various incredible changes in our general set-up. On the populace front, we make certain to be the first on the planet, abandoning even China far. There would be far less space for every one of us to live on, the accessibility of water, clinical consideration and occupations would be another relatively much diminished. Nonetheless, the main beam of expectation in the midst of this dim, desolate possibility lies in the chance of other green and white transformations to emerge, expanding the accessibility adequate, rich, and supporting food to all. The accessibility of sun based vitality and its utilization for a huge scope would decrease our reliance on non-renewable energy source. In like manner, the age of power from nuclear innovation makes certain to assist us with conquering the current force lack. On the quality of our incredible labor and effective, working of law based administration, our voice would be heard with most extreme consideration in the World Community. We will compose a custom exposition test on India in 2020 or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page We would be an individual from the Security Council and make certain to be treated as a major World Power just like the U. S. furthermore, the USSR nowadays. In PC and data innovation, just as in wellbeing administrations, our specialists and authorities will consider exceptionally mindful positions everywhere throughout the world. The nation will make incredible steps in horticulture and combat hardware inferable from which, we will be a significant provider of food grains and military equipment to different nations of the world. I see an astoundingly brilliant future for India in the investigation of the space. Our space explorers won't just travel in Indian made rockets in the space all the time; yet would likewise prevail with regards to arriving on the moon. A portion of our space missions would investigate the Mars and different planets. There would be fruitful propelling and setting up in the space of a significant number of our satellites that would estimate on climate, send pictures of high peaks, streams and seas and help us in the advancement of correspondence work. The coming years may likewise bring into spotlight some youthful, fiery, exceptionally instructed, committed pioneers at the national level. They make certain to go to the bleeding edge of the administration, assume control over the reins from the old watches and steer the nation out of its current wreckage. Legislative issues of standing, religion and preference might be a relic of times gone by. The arrangement of giving occupations based on suggestion and reservation is probably going to respect legitimacy and capability. Constantly 2020, I picture the vast majority of the extraordinary urban areas of the nation going in for their own individual Metros, which would lessen contamination as well as would make nearby transportation sheltered and quick. Indeed, even the significant distance trains make certain to begin moving quicker, be less packed and end up being more secure. The overâ ¬all expectation for everyday comforts of the individuals would rise; TVs and telephones would be accessible in all the houses thus would expand the quantity of mobiles and vehicles. In any case, stopping issue may exacerbate. The surge of the individuals from rustic territories to the urban communities makes certain to be captured as the entirety of our towns will be, practically/independent in all regards, including transport, wellbeing, instruction, force and promoting. Every town would have a point of convergence for the new ventures to be built up and thrive. There would be nearby buying communities, along these lines maintaining a strategic distance from the need to go to a city for selling the ranch produce.

Disastrous Date Essay

I recall my first date. Not just on the grounds that it was my first sentimental involvement in who I considered during that time â€Å"the kid of my dreams†, yet additionally on the grounds that it was one of the most embarrasing encounters of my life. I was 17 years of age in those days, however I recollect it like on the off chance that it was yesterday. We took a lengthy, difficult experience trip from Carolina to the Old San Juan. En route we were sharing encounters and clever accounts, we were disclosing to one another the sort of stories you tell in highschool, about tricks, educators, odd colleagues and issues that lone a highschool understudy can comprehend. We showed up to the café and everything in it looked extravagant. The sights were all splendid as a result of the brightening of the spot; everything was sorrounded with vivid lights with various shapes, there were signed pictures of what had all the earmarks of being different neighborhood superstars who had visited the café, for example, Josã © Feliciano and Ednita Nazario, the tables were enriched with red and yellow roses, Dean Martin’s adorable music was comming out of the restaurant’s speakers and the smell of garlic broiling in olive oil noticeable all around gave me that impression that lone great Italian eateries can provide for a lady with an extraordinary pose a flavor like myself. As we strolled in the host cordially saluted us and inquired as to whether he had a booking, to which he answered â€Å"yes†, in the wake of checking my date’s name and last name in a thick, old, dark folio with Italy’s banner and the restaurant’s logo on its spread the host strolled us to our table. The administration was incredible, I can tell on the grounds that solitary a couple of moments in the wake of sitting down the server was with our menus and offering us drinks. My date serenely requested the wine of the house, on the grounds that obviously he definitely knew the spot and he was eighteen years of age, the lawful savoring age Puerto Rico, when the server went to me and I got anxious, in light of the fact that around then I never had a beverage of liquor in my life, not so much as a drop, so I called attention to the tanish looking beverage of the woman in the following table and murmured â€Å"iced tea for me please†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . I was apprehensive on the grounds that I had this thought in those days that liquor assumes anâ important job in a teenager’s social live. At the point when I was in highschool, every one of my companions under eighteen were drinking in gatherings, shows or other get-togethers, they even brought to class liquor covered up in gatorade bottles and such, and, as each individual who have encountered the highschool dramatization knows, all the â€Å"cool kids† were doing it. I felt inmature in light of the fact that my date was going to have an extravagant wine while I requested frosted tea like some fifth grader young lady. I won't ever overlook the face he made when he heard me request frosted tea, he had this blend of uncertainty and fake in his demeanor, such as grimacing and grinning at the same time. â€Å"Come on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he said wryly while winking his eye â€Å"†¦ I won’t tell your folks you had a glass of wine or two†, I remained steadfast to my standards by noting â€Å"no thank you, ice tea is fine†, I don’t know whether I did it since I was being valiant against the companion pressure or apprehensive that sooner or later of the night somebody from the restaurant’s work force would move toward me requesting an ID. The server returned to take our request with a plate on his hands which contained a garlic bread bushel, my date’s glass, a jug of wine and a tremendous glass of what seemed, by all accounts, to be my frosted tea. I recollect that we approached that night for a pizza with eggplants, green peppers, tomato cuts, onions and additional cheddar with basil sauce on top, the pizza mixture was dunked in olive oil and served in a hot skillet. As we trusted that the food will show up I took a taste from my beverage, I saw it tasted bizarre, it was sharp, somewhat severe and it was additionally bubbly like pop, it didn’t posed a flavor like any frosted tea I had previously, yet since we were in an extravagant spot and I didn’t needed to look foul, I accepted that’s how rich individuals drink their frosted tea, I pondered internally that on the off chance that I drank quick the taste wouldn’t trouble me. With the section my drinking speed expanded, a taste tran sformed into a drink, a drink into a swallow and a swallow into three glasses. Much to my dismay the substance of my beverage. As the glasses were depleting individually I began feeling woozy, as in the event that I just came out from a long rollercoaster ride. My face felt warm, my breath got colder, my tongue got tangled when I spoke, I discovered practically difficult to control the volume of my voice, my eyelids were attempting to stay open, and my arms and legs got sagging. Out of nowhere, I got myself inâ a positive disposition, chuckling at each joke he told, in any event, when they were not interesting, and furthermore I turned out to be genuine, letting him know pretty much every extremely profound and individual stories and cofessing each and every motivation behind why I discovered him alluring inside and out, I even let him know, similar to I referenced previously, why he was the â€Å"boy of my dreams†, without knowing it, I was smashed without precedent for my life. He was not a blockhead at all, he realized I was flushed, however he couldn’t account for himself why, since the main thing I had that night were three tremendous glasses of â€Å"iced tea†, he asked the server in a furious manner of speaking why I was tanked with three glasse of frosted tea, the server answered that was on the grounds that there were five differet sorts of alcohol in a Long Island Iced Tea, vodka, tequila, rum, gin and triple sec. Clearly our server got confounded, in light of the fact that when he took our request the beverage I called attention to from the woman on the table close to us was really a Long Island Iced Tea. Obviously we left the café that momment with disgrace in our appearances, to finish everything off, on our way to the vehicle we ran over with my english teacher, the person who talked like Edward James Olmos in that film where he was a math educator, he remembered me and welcomed me and I welcomed him back, until this day I think o n the grounds that about the separation I was from him he didn’t saw how smashed I was in any case, who knows. I can't state that our date was a complete exercise in futility. Indeed, even extreme I was flushed he carried on like a man of his word the entire time. He never exploited my state and I regard and respect that in a man. He conveyed me in his shoulders like an injured officer, he likewise made a few stops in various business areas without grumbling when I expected to go to the restroom, he held my hair for it to abstain from getting messy when I vomited, he even didn’t got frantic on the grounds that I did it in his new shoes. In the wake of sitting for some time in the recreation center, having two water bottles and a caffeinated drink I recovered some balance, he gave me some mint bubblegum for the queasiness and drove me back home, I vomited once in transit however he was decent enough to pull over and open the entryway. I at last showed up home around 2:00 AM, I vomited again before heading to sleep and fall rest, it is as yet a mistery for me how might I vomit such a gre at amount in one night. I woke up the following day with the sound of my cellphone ringing, I was mixed up, had a cerebral pain and it felt like the telephone was ringing inside my skull, I replied and I heard the sound of his voice inquiring as to whether I was okâ and likewise on the off chance that I remembered something about the prior night, I addressed him by saying 'sorry' a few times, depicting how I felt that morning and that I mostly rememberd what occurred during our date, he disclosed to me practically chuckling that peculiar pehnomena I was encountering was known as a â€Å"hangover†. He called me again when I completely recuperated, shockingly enough to ask me out again, I revealed to him that I would go out with him on the off chance that we abstain from setting off to the Old San Juan for quite a while, in light of the fact that after what occurred in our first date I would never show my face again around that zone.

Secularization in Britain- Are people becoming less religeous in the Essay

Secularization in Britain-Are individuals turning out to be less religeous in the UK - Essay Example They all expected that religion would be of declining significance in a modern culture. They all accepted that religion performed social capacities that industrialism, private enterprise, potential social changes like communism, and the majority rule state would perform. They all worked from a sociological worldview: They broke down religion's social ramifications on a full scale institutional level. â€Å"The three 'old style' sociological scholars, Marx, Durkheim and Weber [all] imagined that the essentialness of religion would diminish in current occasions. Each accepted that religion is from an essential perspective a deception. The promoters of various religions might be completely convinced of the legitimacy of the convictions they hold and the customs in which they take an interest, yet the very decent variety of religions and their undeniable associations with various kinds of society, the three scholars held, make these cases inalienably implausible† (Giddens, 1987). In Marx's view, religion is broadly the â€Å"opiate of the masses† (Crabtree, 2008). Its essential design is as a force structure: Using secret, the proliferation of bogus cognizance (regardless of whether this procedure is a cognizant propagandistic exertion with respect to a religious totalitarianism or an oblivious handing-off of social standards and qualities), contributions of a real existence to come, and different strategies, it serves to channel what might be foundational disdain somewhere else. â€Å"The issue is that the existence that is driven by most people in present-day society is so difficult, so heinous, or if nothing else so futile, that the possibility of an eternal life appears the best way to contribute it with any meaning† (Woods, 2001). It likewise serves other subordinate capacities for social elites, on account of modern social orders the interests of capital, for example, getting everyone excited to war. In the Marxist view, religion works in a way Foucault may term panoptical: It becomes disguised constraint, mental chains that utilize the mistreated in their own persecution by causing them terrified of celestial discipline or to feel blameworthy for transgressive idea. Marxist scholars from that point forward have broadened the job of religion Many have concentrated on Marx's study of religion, yet note that Marx was really not especially unfriendly to it: Religion was not worth fretting over. Peruse cautiously the â€Å"opiate of the masses† quote. Religion is a low-level medication pusher, an approach to shield individuals from battling against an amazing structure as opposed to a ground-breaking structure all by itself. Marx had stated, â€Å"Religion is the murmur of the mistreated animal, the core of an inhumane world, similarly as it is the soul of a spiritless situation†. This is entirely honoring: Marx is contending that religion goes about as a still, small voice and a discharge; his squabble is with the wellspring of the torment, not the discharge from it. So also, in his evaluate of Bauer, that â€Å"political liberation is superbly good with the proceeded with presence of religion, as the contemporary case of the United States illustrates. Be that as it may, pushing matters further, in a contention reexamined by incalculable pundits of progressivism, Marx contends that not exclusively is political liberation inadequate to realize human liberation, it is in some sense additionally a hindrance. Liberal rights and thoughts of equity are commenced on the possibility that every one of us needs insurance from other people. In this manner liberal rights will be privileges of detachment, intended to shield us from such saw dangers. Opportunity on such a view,

Essay Sample For Admission

Essay Sample For AdmissionCollege essays are a must for most college students. Even though there are many people who can write essays as good as some of the top essay writers, not everyone is cut out to be an essay writer. And with so many essays to be submitted to different colleges, it is important to find these essay samples for admission.The most important part of the essay is to relate it to the subject of the admission interview. The applicant should try to relate the essay to the interview and highlight the qualities and achievements of the applicant that will be talked about in the interview. By doing this, the applicant will have something positive to say about himself.There are many sites that offer essay samples for admission. These sample essays are generally longer than what most applicants will be able to finish.Students interested in using college essay samples for admission need to spend time on the most common words and phrases that will appear in the admissions lett er. This includes using the same vocabulary in the essay as the letter writer used in the letter. Also, if there are specific questions asked by the admissions officers, then students need to be prepared with at least some idea of the answer.But there are other areas of research that students can do before they look for excellent essay samples for admission. For example, students may check whether or not the school that they are applying to offer a placement test. This test may help determine which of the student's courses are strong enough to get a full ride to college.Most students who are considering college can't afford to pay for the tutoring for their research skills. It is possible for them to take classes that focus on research skills.There are plenty of other places that the student can look for essays samples for admission. There are schools that offer tutoring in different subjects, which can be helpful for students looking for more information. Besides that, there are ma ny websites that offer great essays samples for admission.

Communication Community Language - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 30 Words: 8912 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Discourse is the language in which certain subjects within a particular field of study are spoken and written about. The communication used by each discourse community is familiar to all who work within each particular field of study. The professional discourse of the professional community of natural resources is scientific discourse. Scientific discourse requires fundamental knowledge of the natural sciences and the ability to apply scientific terms and ideas. Communication with others in a professional community is important for teaching and learning within natural resources. Being able to apply scientific discourse in ones career is needed to maintain credibility and to continue the learning process. Part of scientific discourse is communication with the public and making research and other information available to those who want to access it. There are guidelines for publication of writing that need to be followed. These standards of writing allow information to be uniform in ap pearance and maintain professional accuracy. In order to be a respected member of a professional society the proper discourse becomes an important part of language and is practiced and applied. The discourse is taught throughout a professional career and is constantly being added to throughout educational and field experiences. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Communication Community Language" essay for you Create order Research Project DISCOURSE Discourse can be simply defined as communication of ideas and information, but discourse should also be considered the study of how language is used to share thoughts, influence others, and to define specific ideas to create meaning. Many people understand discourse as the unit of language organized around a particular subject matter and meaning (The University of Chicago 2006). There are many discourses that are used by many different groups of people, and each discourse is specific to the message that needs to be conveyed. The discourse used depends on the subjects being discussed and the language, both written and spoken, that is being used. The discourse one uses in a professional community consists of the rules of language used to effectively communicate with and understand one another in each particular field of study. In order to be taken seriously as a knowledgeable person of a specific subject, the correct discourse must be learned and applied. To be able to communicate with the people that a person needs and wants to associate with, certain rules need to be followed for effective understanding of the language. There are discourse communities that have common goals, share an understanding, and have expectations of the language that should be used by all who are a part of the community. When one is a member of a discourse community, the language used should follow the structured ideas that have previously been used for ease of communication of ideas. Writing should not take place until the proper techniques for word usage, conventions, and context are understood and practiced (RiceOWL 2005). In addition, certain topics are expected to be discussed in individual discourse communities, while other topics that are considered irrelevant or inappropriate should not be considered. A discourse community shares similar thoughts and ideas that are often comparable to other discourse communities, but knowledge of a particular discours e is key in becoming part of the community. SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE Different subjects require different discourses and within the natural resources profession, scientific discourse is used to communicate ideas. To write using scientific discourse, one must write and speak to fit the standards that have been set and understand the expectations required by them. To use scientific discourse, knowledge of natural sciences such as biology are essential to build familiarity of the correct terminology that should be used in order to communicate precisely. For example, understanding the classification of taxonomic terms and the correct way to use them is important to communicating within the natural sciences. Scientific names are used worldwide and are part of the discourse of every professional studying natural sciences. Scientific discourse is notable for having discursive space, and for such things as using more nouns than verbs, using a high level of abstraction, employing technical jargons, and minimizing self-reference (Mizrach 2008). Using the proper discourse becomes the way in which all members of the scientific discourse community learn to write and speak to one another, and this language is reflected in their work. Through a college education, the foundation for effective professional communication is established. In the natural resources profession, the educational opportunities that are available serve as the basis for communicating throughout ones entire career. As one becomes more familiar with subjects related to ones particular educational and personal interests, the ability to express ideas becomes easier and customary. Through employment in a natural resources related field vital knowledge is gained through experience. Much learning comes as a result from having performed many duties, and the more experiences that someone has will lead to becoming a beneficial member of society. Those with the most experience lead the way in research and conservation and provide guidance to other professionals through their actions. As a member of a professional community, the need to continue learning and keep up with current events is essential to staying knowledgeable in order to gain and maintain cr edibility. To stay current about policies and research, various publications related to natural resources should be read and understood, meetings and conventions of professional societies within natural resources should be attended, and associations with other professionals in the field should be made to gain experience and knowledge. An important part of communication in science related fields is understanding the practice of scientific naming. Taxonomy is the science and process of naming living organisms and through this process every recognized species on earth has a scientific name that consists of two parts, the genus and species (University of Michigan 2006). The names that are assigned to each specific organism are in Latin, which is considered the international language of science. The scientific names, although confusing to the general public, are meaningful to the science professionals who study them. Often the scientific names that are given to an organism are descriptive and give clues to relationships with other related species. Fluency in scientific naming aids in effective communication around the world. The common names of organisms are often misleading and numerous and can also vary from one area of the world to another and for that reason a complete understanding of scientific naming is essentia l for learning and teaching others within the natural sciences. APPLYING SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE In natural resources, professional societies work to serve their members and inform the public about the importance of their work. Members of these societies strive to accomplish goals and live by the mission statement of the group. These professionals actively attend conventions, workshops, and meetings to interact with other professionals who share the same interests. These members come together to discuss, analyze, and learn more about their common goals. Making the effort to attend and be proactive at these functions shows dedication and garners respect. Groups such as the Soil and Water Conservation Society, the Society of American Foresters, The Wildlife Society, and the National Park and Recreation Association have websites that make information about them very accessible to those who want to learn more. Links to publications and other educational material are provided to anyone who wants access to it. The publication of journal articles, reports, and books is regulated by peer-review, which ensures the quality and accuracy of these professional, researched materials (Washington State University 2006). Through the peer-review process, written work is judged by standards already set in research, methods, presentation, and quality. In natural resources, the format for writing that should be followed by all professionals is the Council of Biology Editors style guide. This guide sets the standards for writings and provides the basis for which reviewing and editing can take place. Along with format, the style guide also shows the proper way to use tables, numbers and units, times and dates, mathematical equations, abbreviations and acronyms, and punctuation (Chamberlain 2007). Those editing the work have control over what gets published and also have the ability to maintain standards. Another important aspect of writing and speaking in natural resources is using language in effective ways to obtain grants and other forms of funding for research, facilities, and reaching goals. Speaking and writing well reflect on ones self and ones professional community in great ways and can lead to a more productive future. Without funding further developments cannot be made and current research cannot continue to the full extent and as a result interest in the subject may be lost. Reports also need to be written to give evidence that the appropriate research took place and the results need to be clearly stated. The language used needs to be professional and clear for those in charge of distributing funds to be able to understand. Knowing the specific discourse of a particular profession is essential to a successful career. Not being able to communicate properly and not having an understanding of the appropriate subjects does not allow for advancement in any professional community. The scientific discourse used in natural resources provides a worldwide understanding for all who practice it. It is expected that professionals have a firm grasp of the language that defines their work and they must be able to effectively use it in verbal and written communication. The need for this common understanding leads to the accomplishment of common goals for the professional community. The use of language provides a way to show others the importance of ones work and without the ability to do so, significant breakthroughs in all career fields would not receive the recognition that is deserved. THE HISTORY OF NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources have always been a part of the earth, but proper management of them did not occur until the 1800s. Prior to that, settlers saw the resources of the open country stretching out in front of them as limitless. Trees in forests were cut down and prairies were made in to farmland. Wetlands were drained and roads were built to create access to the ever-changing landscape. The hard work and determination of several key individuals caused a change in environmental awareness that keeps increasing as time goes on. The need to conserve the natural resources of this country is an important issue that has had many significant events occur as a result. Human interaction with the environment takes place daily, and to conserve nature for future generations the proper understanding between man and nature must be met. IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN NATURAL RESOURCES One of the most influential conservationists of the nineteenth century was John Muir. Among his greatest accomplishments was his devotion to the conservation and preservation of forested lands in the western United States. Muir was born in Scotland in 1838 and immigrated to the United States at the age of eleven. He spent his adolescent years in Wisconsin and attended the University of Wisconsin, but he did not graduate. Instead, he observed nature and recorded his findings of plant and animal life. In 1867, he walked from Indiana to the Gulf of Mexico to observe the countrys plant and animal life and physical features. The following year, Muir traveled to Californias Yosemite Valley where he studied the area for several years. During the 1880s, he became a horticulturalist and found interest in the study of trees and the great need for the preservation of natural, forested lands. He believed that land of unique beauty needed protection from exploitation of timber, grazing, and minin g interests. For this reason, Muir became the driving force behind the establishment of Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks in order to preserve the great sequoia trees. The establishment of federally owned lands allowed for preservation and protection, as well as public enjoyment and economic value (Ryan 2000). In 1892, Muir founded the Sierra Club, which remains dedicated to his goals of preservation and exploration of Americas wildlife and wilderness areas to this day. Muir played an important role in the establishment of national monuments, national forest reserves, and other national parks, such as Yellowstone National Park. In 1914, Muir died but his love for the American wilderness would forever live on in his writings. Throughout his life, he kept journals to record his observations and wrote books and articles that influenced many to follow his naturalist path. Gifford Pinchot is often called the father of conservation because he was a firm believer in the wise use of resources to provide for future generations. He was born in Connecticut in 1865 and graduated from Yale University in 1889. After graduation, Pinchot went to France to study forestry. While overseas, he learned the value of selective rather than unrestrained harvesting of forests and applied what he learned in his position as chief of the Division of Forestry of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which later became known as the U.S. Forest Service (Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission 2008). He served as chief forester with this agency from 1898 to 1910 where he introduced scientific principles to forest management. Throughout his career with the Forest Service, Pinchot restructured the management and increased the number of national forest lands. He had a utilitarian based approach to resource management that provided the greatest good for the greatest number in the long run. In 1905, there were 60 forest reserves in the United States that covered 56 million acres; five years later, there were 150 national forests that covered 172 million acres (Forest History Society 2005). The large increase in national forest land in this short amount of time can be credited to Pinchots concern for the conservation of American forests and his diligence in effective management of natural resources. Pinchots leadership allowed him to accomplish many things not only within the federal government, but also within professional societies. He founded the Yale School of Forestry Environmental Studies. He also became the leader of the Society of American Foresters and worked to provide leadership and motivation for the management and protection of forests and resources. Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United States in 1901, but his love for nature was evident long before he was sworn into office. Before his presidency, Roosevelt spent time in the Badlands of North Dakota where he went to heal himself after the deaths of his mother and wife. The time he spent there made him aware of the damage that was being done to the land and the wildlife. He noticed that populations of some big game species were rapidly decreasing, grasslands were being overgrazed, and the habitats of birds and small mammals were being destroyed. When he became President, he took action and made significant contributions to the preservation of the countrys natural resources. Roosevelt urged Congress to form the Forest Service to manage the nations forest reserves, and also appointed Gifford Pinchot to lead the agency. During his time in office, Roosevelt set aside over 100 million acres of land to be protected from exploitation by commercial profit. This land included 150 National Forests, 51 Bird Reserves, 4 Game Reserves, and 5 National Parks (National Park Service 2008). In 1906, Roosevelt signed the Antiquities Act, which gave control of historic landmarks, structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest to the government. The first 18 National Monuments in the United States were established through this act. Theodore Roosevelt contributed more to the preservation of natural resources than any other president before him. To pay tribute to his accomplishments and his personal concern of natural resources, Theodore Roosevelt National Park was created in his name, his likeness was carved unto Mount Rushmore, and his homes and various other places were named after him. His efforts allowed for the preservation and conservation of natural lands for future generations to enjoy. Another person who played an important role in the preservation of natural resources was Aldo Leopold. Aldo Leopold was born in Iowa in 1887 and he spent his childhood years hunting in the nearby forests, swamps, and fields where he discovered nature. He went on to Yale University to attend the School of Forestry and in 1909, after graduation, he joined the U.S. Forest Service. He was sent to work in New Mexico and this is where he recognized that the agency needed to do more for the environment than manage timber production. Leopold believed that wilderness areas were decreasing too fast and convinced the Forest Service to set aside 500,000 acres in New Mexico as the National Forest Systems first wilderness area. In 1928, Leopold resigned from the Forest Service to spend more time researching wildlife and became a consulting forester. In the Midwest, he conducted surveys of game populations and published his findings in a textbook called Game Management. In 1933, he became professor of wildlife management at the University of Wisconsin, the first position of that kind in the United States. Leopold and other conservationists formed the Wilderness Society as a result of their concern of wilderness being lost. In 1935, Leopold and his family moved to a farm on the Wisconsin River where they rebuilt a chicken coop into a cabin that they called The Shack and planted thousands of trees to restore the health of the land. During the time he spent at the Shack, Leopold was able to observe nature and expand on his ideas about humans relationship with nature. His thoughts were captured in A Sand County Almanac, where he introduced the country to the land ethic. Leopold believed that conservation is a state of harmony between man and the land, and that to achieve this harmony, humans need to have respect for natural resources and work to maintain the health of the land (The Wilderness Society 2008). The writings of Rachel Carson contributed to the conservation and environmental movement of the 1960s. She was born in Pennsylvania in 1907 and had a love for nature as a child. Carson graduated from the Pennsylvania College for Women in 1929 and studied at the Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. She went on to Johns Hopkins University and received a degree in zoology in 1932. During the Depression she worked for the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries writing radio scripts. She also worked for the Baltimore Sun writing articles about natural history. During her years with the Bureau of Fisheries, later known as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Carson was promoted to staff biologist, and later to chief editor for all the agencys publications in 1949. While writing many pamphlets about conservation and natural resources, Carson also wrote books that gave her recognition as a naturalist and writer of science. In 1952, she resigned from her position with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to focus on her writing. The articles that she wrote gave attention to the beauty of nature and often showed that human beings were but one part of nature distinguished primarily by their power to alter it, in some cases irreversibly (Lear 1998). In 1962 one of her most famous books, Silent Spring, alerted the public to the harmful effects that pesticides and herbicides posed to wildlife and humans. She researched the misuse of these chemicals and their long-term effects and her findings challenged the way the government and agricultural workers used them. Carson received much attention for her work and the publics concern about the environment increased. The federal government took notice of this issue as well and reviewed the pesticide policy and some pesticide use was banned. Shortly after this took place, the Environmental Protection Agency was established to regulate and promote proactive solutions to environmental issues. Rachel Carson was the driving force behind the environm ental movement and caused Americans to take notice of the environment around them. SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN NATURAL RESOURCES In May of 1804, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark began an expedition to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase and the Pacific Northwest for the United States government. The expedition resulted in the discovery of plant and animal species that were previously unknown. Lewis and Clark dutifully kept journals to record their findings of plant and animal life. During the course of the expedition, they recorded their first encounters of 122 animals and 178 trees and plants (Sierra Club 2008). Descriptions and illustrations filled their journals and allowed for understanding of this new area. This expedition lasted until 1906 and was considered the most successful expedition in United States history. The discovery of so many plants and animals greatly expanded the scientific knowledge at that time. Scientific names were given to many of these new species and allowed for additional research to be conducted to be able to understand their purpose in nature. Their discoveries were a lso mapped out to serve as a visual aid of their travels, which gave the world the ability to see the new and exciting wilderness. A book written 1864 by George Perkins Marsh was reason for the conservation movement of the nineteenth century. The book called Man and Nature, called attention to the harm that people caused to nature. This idea differed from the thoughts of previous naturalists who believed that human impact was beneficial to the environment. Marsh lived in Vermont and made his living as a farmer and a congressman. His duties as a diplomat brought him to Europe and Asia, which is where he observed the damage done to agricultural land by humans. He witnessed soil erosion, water pollution, dust storms, and economic decline because of humans harmful effects to nature. After returning to the United States Marsh wrote this famous book, in which he stressed that the environment was varied and complex but still part of a whole. The harmful actions that take place in one area can be linked to damage that occurred in another area. The ideas that he presented in this book were well received by the public and introduced the world to ecology and forestry policy (National Park Service 2008). This book caused the nation to take notice of the destruction of natural resources that was taking place and the need for management for the benefit of the nations future. The establishment of the United States Forest Service changed the way that the nations forests were being managed. The U.S. Forest Service formed in 1905 to provide the nation with quality timber and water. This federal agency of the United States Department of Agriculture serves its purpose by managing the public land of the national forests and grasslands across the nation. First led by Gifford Pinchot, the U.S. Forest Service aims to provide the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people in the long run. Over the last 100 years, this vision has shifted to managing national forests and grasslands for multiple uses such as sustainable yields of renewable resources such as water, forage, wildlife, wood, and recreation (USDA Forest Service 2007). The Forest Service focuses on administration and protection of national forests while researching management techniques of forest, range, watershed, and recreation areas. The agency also works to improve wildlife habitat, fores t product development, and fire and pest control. Cooperation with state and private forests across the nation is also essential for proper management to take place. The land managed by the Forest Service totals 193 million acres, which allows for much public enjoyment of natural environments all over the country. The period of time from 1970 to 1980 is often referred to as the Decade of the Environment. During this time, many environmental laws were passed for such things as air quality, water quality, land use, and wildlife. Leading up to this decade, the writings of Rachel Carson and other ecologists caused awareness of environmental issues. In 1969, the first Earth Day was organized and continues to be celebrated every year. One of the most important advances made during the Decade of the Environment was the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA received the task of repairing the damage already done to the natural environment and to establish new criteria to guide Americans in making a cleaner environment a reality (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2008). Over the years, the focus of the EPA has changed. Originally, the EPA focused on developing and enforcing regulations, but now works more to promote a proactive approach to prevent problems. Among the num erous environmental acts passed during this decade are the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Endangered Species Act. The Endangered Species Act was passed by Congress in 1973 and aimed to help prevent the loss of species in the United States and has served as a model for other countries to follow. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carries out the duties of this act by identifying species that are endangered or threatened. Species that are considered endangered are on the verge of becoming extinct and receive legal protection from hunting or any other form of killing. Threatened species are ones that are likely to become endangered in the future. This act promotes the protection of habitat of endangered species. The Endangered Species Act also requires that actions taken by federal agencies do not jeopardize the existence of any listed species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat of such species (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2008). This act is the most effective way to protect wildlife such as birds, reptiles, insects, and mammals as well as fl owers, grasses, and trees from extinction. The establishment of this act was the first concerned effort made by the United States to combat the problem of decreasing populations in nature. Over the years, the management of natural resources in the United States has made great advances. Many great people have made significant contributions that allow the public to enjoy all that nature has to offer. Environmental awareness has also greatly increased and improvements have been made to combat previous and future problems. The importance of human respect for natural resources is shown throughout history and continues to be the responsibility of all people. Effective conservation starts with proactive approaches by those willing to make the effort, which in turn leads to sustainability of the land for future generations to utilize and enjoy. RESOURCES OF NATURAL RESOURCES There are many resources that professionals in natural resources related career fields use on a regular basis. Reading these resources supplements prior knowledge, as well as increases the knowledge of professional understanding. It is important to stay up to date with the latest developments in research and policy to maintain an active and professional status. Many professional societies and other organizations in natural resources publish journals, magazines, and newsletters, as well as have websites that inform the public about their cause and keep professionals updated. These resources are beneficial to continuing education and are referred to often because of their reliability over the years. The Wildlife Society, the Society of American Foresters, and the National Recreation and Park Association publish the resources that are of significant importance in the natural resources profession. The Wildlife Society (TWS) was founded in 1937 and works to enhance the ability of wildlife professionals to conserve diversity, sustain productivity, and ensure responsible use of wildlife resources for the benefit of society (The Wildlife Society 2008). TWS is an international association in which members are dedicated to the science and education of wildlife resources. Members of this professional society expand their knowledge and grow professionally through certification and conferences, as well as through working groups and peer-reviewed publications. Working groups are forums for the members where information is exchanged. These working groups work to publish newsletters, hold meetings, and organize symposiums and workshops. The benefits of joining a working group include advancement of skills, making connections with colleagues, keeping up to date with the latest information, and the opportunity to participate in special projects related to the wildlife profession (The Wildli fe Society 2008). The Wildlife Society publishes several publications that address the science and education, as well as the policy, of the wildlife profession. The need to gather and distribute scientific knowledge has been an integral part of the mission of The Wildlife Society, and over the years TWS has published in-depth and high quality publications. These publications include the Journal of Wildlife Management, The Wildlife Professional, Wildlife Monographs, and The Wildlifer. All of these publications are made available to members through The Wildlife Societys website. First published in 1937, the Journal of Wildlife Management is among the worlds best scientific journals covering wildlife science, management and conservation (The Wildlife Society). It is published eight times a year by The Wildlife Society and also includes the work that previously had been published in the Wildlife Society Bulletin which is no longer in print. The Journal of Wildlife Management is available in print or can be accessed online by all members of TWS, or individual articles and journals may be purchased. To submit a manuscript to the Journal of Wildlife Management, specific manuscript guidelines must be followed. Authors must understand the policy, procedures, format, and style of the outlet to which they are submitting a manuscript (Chamberlain 2008). Manuscripts that are published contain information that is based on original research and contributes to the science of wildlife management. The Wildlife Professional, published by The Wildlife Society is a magazine that is provided to all members as part of the membership fee. It was first published in the spring of 2007 to inform wildlife professionals about critical advances in wildlife science, conservation, management, and policy (The Wildlife Society 2008). The Wildlife Professional is published quarterly and features lengthy articles, summaries of scientific articles, and profiles of professional wildlife managers. Regular columns are also written to cover topics such as ethics within the profession, the connections between humans and animals, and health and diseases. The goal of The Wildlife Professional is to publish accurate information and solid arguments in a highly readable format. Submitted manuscripts are written in a way that makes the information easily understood by readers who are not experts in the field. Readers of The Wildlife Professional range from wildlife biologists and conservation officers, to policy makers and wildlife and conservation students. The Wildlife Society allows for access of this publication online with a fee to non-members. Another publication of The Wildlife Society that keeps its members updated is The Wildlifer. This newsletter is the official publication of record of TWS and contains information about conservation issues; TWSs section, chapter and working group activities; updates on membership programs and benefits; member news and meetings of interest (The Wildlife Society 2008). The Wildlifer is published quarterly in electronic format and can also be accessed by non-members as well through The Wildlife Societys website. Print copies may also be received by the request of a member. Important information about upcoming events, government affairs, candidate statements, and the achievements of fellow members are highlighted in the Winter 2008 issue, as well as a message from The Wildlife Society President. The Society of American Foresters (SAF) was formed in 1900 by Gifford Pinchot and is the largest society of professional foresters in the world. The Society of American Foresters works to advance the science, education, technology, and practice of forestry (The Society of American Foresters 2008). Members of SAF develop excellence in the forestry profession and enhance their competency and knowledge. They apply their skills and knowledge in conservation to ensure the health and wise use of forest ecosystems and resources. The Society of American Foresters provides its members with information and the opportunity to network with other professionals in order to prepare for challenges within the natural resources profession. The major belief of SAF is that forests are important to the health and welfare of all people and that forests must be sustained to meet environmental, economic, and community needs. Foresters who live by this belief are dedicated to implementing the proper forest m anagement and conservation practices. They also work to provide the public with accurate knowledge of forestry. Members of SAF include natural resources professionals in both public and private settings, administrators, researchers, educators, and students. To keep members updated and to provide information to the public, SAF publishes several publications about the latest news, policy issues, and research about forestry and natural resources. The Journal of Forestry and The Forestry Source, along with The E-Forester newsletter keep forestry professionals up to date about the latest developments in the field. The Journal of Forestry was first published in 1902 by the Society of American Foresters and is the most widely read forestry journal in the world. The main goal of the Journal of Forestry is to advance the profession of forestry by keeping professionals informed about significant developments and ideas in the many facets of forestry (The Society of American Foresters 2008). Topics of forestry discussed in the Journal of Forestry include economics, education and communication, fire, forest ecology, entomology and pathology, history, international forestry, silviculture, soils, recreation, wildlife management, and hydrology to name a few. It is published eight times a year and is received by all members of the Society of American Foresters. Members can also access the this journal online through their subscription, while non-members can purchase pay-per-view access of online archives. Professionals of forestry and natural resources, land managers, and policy makers are the audience to which this scholarly journal is written. Members of the Society of American Foresters also receive the organizations newspaper, The Forestry Source. This newspaper is published twelve times a year and offers the latest information on national forestry trends, the latest developments in forestry policy, the newest advances in forestry-related research and technology, and up-to-date information about SAF programs and activities (The Society of American Foresters 2008). The Forestry Source contains feature articles that examine significant issues, short articles on science and technology in forest science, articles of instruction about various forestry topics, and records of the activities of SAF at the national, state, division, and chapter levels. Non-members can receive the newspaper for a subscription fee, while members of the Society of American Foresters receive it as part of their membership. The E-Forester is a newsletter provided by the Society of American Foresters. It is an easy-to-access email newsletter designed w ith the busy SAF member in mind to keep them updated with the latest news in forestry and natural resources (The Society of American Foresters 2008). It is sent exclusively to members twice a month and each issue includes the top stories in forestry, news in sustainability and certification, the latest studies and research, and information about upcoming events. Natural resources professionals who direct their focus to the recreation and park aspect of the field are often a part of the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA). The mission of the NRPA is to advance parks, recreation, and environmental conservation efforts that enhance the quality of life for all people (National Recreation and Park Association 2007). The belief of the NRPA is that parks and recreation enhance the quality of life by providing services and programs that meet needs and instill environmental values. They work to promote public awareness and gain support for the different recreation, park, and leisure activities, as well as the natural resources aspects of the management of these services. The NRPA also works to develop and improve recreation and tourism services while informing the public to give them a better understanding of the opportunities in nature available to them. Park and recreation professionals look to the publications of the NRPA to stay informed, among these publications is Parks Recreation magazine. This magazine is available to members of the NRPA to motivate and inform professionals, leaders, and citizens to elevate the value of parks and recreation as a public service (National Recreation and Park Association 2007). Every month, this magazine is published and features articles and columns about all aspects of parks and recreation to help professionals do their jobs more effectively and to increase the use of outdoor recreation areas. The NRPA is dedicated to advancing the conservation efforts that will improve park and recreation use for all people and their publications reflect this belief. The information and the insight within Parks Recreation allows for parks and recreation to receive recognition and for the professionals who manage them to help them reach their full potential. The archives of this magazine are available online at the NRPAs website for anyone who wants to access to it. The resources that are available to natural resources professionals are numerous and important. The knowledge gained while reading and using these resources helps advance a professional career and aids in teaching others. Staying up to date in the newest developments helps to gain and maintain status in a professional community. Being knowledgeable in the subject matter reflects in ones work and goes on to represent the quality of ones life and professional attitude. The ability to differentiate between reliable resources comes as a result of experience in the field. The trustworthy resources that pertain to the natural resources profession are very valuable to professionals. These resources should become a regular part of ones life and work and should be referred to often. COMMUNICATION IN NATURAL RESOURCES To be a contributing member of a professional community, one must effectively communicate with fellow professionals and the public. Communication allows for information to be shared which results in gaining the knowledge and understanding that is essential for career growth. In natural resources there are many skills that professionals must possess to communicate both in writing and orally. The communication skills that are necessary include an adequate educational background, a desire to learn and educate others, an interest in the history of the profession as well as knowledge of the current events, and membership within a professional society. All of these communication skills are essential to career in natural resources. Education is an important part of developing good communication skills. Through a college education, certain levels of understanding are gained and are also expected by others in the same professional community. In natural resources ones educational background could consist of an Associates Degree, Bachelors Degree, Masters Degree, or Doctorate Degree. Typically a Bachelors degree is desired for most entry-level positions and serves as an excellent background because of the variety of classes that have been taken. General classes provide the basis for learning, as more specific classes provide opportunities for in-depth study. Additions are made to educational backgrounds through various work experiences, and opportunities to communicate with professionals and the public are numerous. Field experience greatly supplements the classroom education and in most cases allows for interaction with others with common interests and continued educational opportunities. Another important part of communication skills is the desire to learn new things and the ability to educate others. The need to maintain and gain knowledge through continuing education is essential to staying updated in the natural resources profession. It is also very important to be able to provide information and educational opportunities to the public. Effective communication is crucial to create awareness of work done by a particular agency or to emphasize the importance of specific natural resources related issues. Working with the public to provide answers to their questions is frequently a large part of a natural resources career. Being able to share information with the public takes place by communicating in a way that makes the common knowledge of professionals easily understood by those who are not as familiar with the subject. There is significant value in having a sincere interest for a chosen career field that fuels the desire to learn as much as possible about the history and current events. Having knowledge in these areas allows for professional growth as well as the ability to accurately share important information with others. Sharing information with others allows for interactions to be made with the public and helps to make connections and solve problems. While communicating with the public and catering to their needs, advances are made in communication skills as one encounters many people who all have different backgrounds. Diversity such as this increases professional communication abilities and serves as an excellent pathway for information to be shared with as many people as possible. Having the desire to share knowledge with others is an admirable quality that people take notice of and this will positively reflect in the attitude of the public and often bring respect to a professional society, federal agency, or other workplace. Communication skills are also developed through membership with a professional society. Being associated with others who have made the same or similar career choices allows for a sense of belonging and the ease of communicating ideas and information with others. Specific language is expected to be used by members of professional societies and serves as the basis for written and oral communication. Effective communication is necessary at meetings and other events that other professionals and the public attend so that information can be shared. Active membership with a professional society allows for opportunities for valuable communication skills to be utilized. Many organizations serve as an advocate for a specific cause, and must be able to communicate their ideas to the government or the public in a positive way that will result in favorable reactions from others. This must be done in a considerate way and may require collaboration with lawmakers if the issue receives enough public support. It is important to educate the public and represent the mission of a particular society in order to accomplish the goals of professional organizations. FORMS OF COMMUNICATION IN NATURAL RESOURCES There are many forms of communication that are used in the natural resources community. These forms of communication are both written and oral and can occur on a daily basis or take place only once or twice a year. Some of this communication is quite informal, while some forms follow specific guidelines that require considerable effort from all involved. Websites, brochures, posters, interpretive programs, maps, meetings and workshops, newsletters, magazines, journal articles, and books are all examples of communication used by professionals in natural resources related career fields. These forms of communication allow for important information to be shared with all who care to do so. There are many ways in which natural resources professionals communicate with one another and the public. Through the use of the official websites of agencies and organizations, information is exchanged and knowledge is gained by those who view them. The written communication of these websites represents main objectives, history, and current events that directly deal with the agency or organization. For example, the websites of the National Recreation and Park Association and the United States Forest Service contain information about the various aspects of their organizations. There are numerous links to follow for related information and resources for the viewer to maximize their knowledge base of natural resources. Each website also offers the viewer to send for more information, to email members of the organization, or to submit any questions that they may have. With this option available, the viewing public can communicate in many different ways (National Recreation and Park Asso ciation 2007; United States Forest Service 2008b). Brochures, maps, posters, displays, and interpretive programs are all forms of communication that are a part of daily life for most natural resources professionals. In outdoor recreation areas such as parks or forests, many visual aids serve as the way recreation users communicate with the agency that manages the recreation area. Many of these visual aids promote the area and urge people to utilize it. They also place emphasis on important issues that the public should be made aware of. The Black Elk Wilderness and Norbeck Wildlife Preserve Trail System in the Black Hills National Forest has a brochure that contains general information about the trail system and provides expectations for visitor use, maps and contact information, and gives detailed descriptions of the various trails that are a part of the system. In many state and national park settings, visitors come to enjoy the beauty that surrounds them and also to learn about the historical and ecological history that goes along with the area. Interpretive programs teach visitors in ways that allow for interaction and give them something to think about as they enjoy their visit. At Mount Rushmore National Monument, Ranger Walks are guided tours on the Presidential Trail where a park ranger speaks about Mount Rushmore and the natural environment around it. Programs like these give visitors insight about some of the issues that matter most in the natural resources profession (United States Forest Service 2008a; National Park Service 2008). Many of the professional societies in natural resources hold meetings, workshops, and conventions. These events allow for professionals to gather in one place and communicate with one another and anyone else in attendance. The Wildlife Society has an annual convention that provides great opportunities for professional growth where one can learn about new research, management practices, and policy issues. There are also opportunities for attending workshops as part of the convention where hands-on approaches to new techniques are learned. This annual event allows for networking among the 1,500 wildlife biologists that are in attendance. As a result of attending a convention like this, thoughts and ideas are exchanged and everyone comes away with more knowledge to share with others. The newest developments are often presented at events like these and those in attendance should share the information that they received with others to allow for maximum communication to take place (The Wil dlife Society 2008). The journals, books, magazines, and newsletters that are written by and written with the natural resources professional in mind provide an excellent way for information to be stored and to be shared. Anyone with access to these publications can gain knowledge from the writings about new developments, research, and events. These forms of communication can be read and contributed to on a daily basis. Current issues of journals, magazines, and newsletters are published on a weekly, monthly, or even quarterly basis and work to keep the professional community updated in many ways. The publications of the Society of American Foresters are numerous and supply foresters and natural resources professionals with information about forestry in the different environments of the United States as well as publish the Journal of Forestry, which the premier scholarly journal in forestry. These sources not only keep professionals updated, but they also are essential for students who are researching the various aspects of natural resources. Many of these publications are available in an electronic format as well, which allows for people from all over the world to learn about forestry in general and the purpose of the Society of American Foresters (Society of American Foresters 2008). Communication is a very important part of any career and allows for professional growth and works in many was to inform the public. The forms of communication that are used in natural resources most often involve working with the public to assist them and answer questions about various aspects of natural resources. Both written and oral communication allows professionals to interact with people and to share valuable information. It is essential that professionals have communication skills that allow for positive interactions to take place and for the greatest amount of information to be shared with those who need it. STYLE MANUAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES It is important that specific sets of rules for writing in each profession are established. These rules or style manuals set the standards for writing and allow for all documents to be similar in design with content being the only difference. Style manuals provide a framework for writers to keep documents organized. The style manual used by those in the natural resources profession is the Council of Science Editors (CSE), formerly called Council of Biology Editors (CBE) style manual. The CSE style manual is used by the Journal of Wildlife Management and serves as a basis for manuscript guidelines being submitted for publication. The Council of Science Editors (CSE) strives to promote the effective communication of information in science. The purpose of the council is to provide its members with scientific communication by means of discussion, education, and exchange. The CSE is the authority of the current and emerging issues in the communication of scientific information (Council of Science Editors 2008a). This council used to be known as the Council of Biology Editors (CBE) and the name change occurred in January of 2000 to better represent the membership. The CBE was created 1957 by the National Science Foundation and the American Institute of Biological Sciences. The CSE has approximately 1,200 members and works closely with many organizations that publish scientific data and research (Council of Science Editors 2008b). The CSE style manual is the format preferred by writers in many disciplines in the natural sciences, including biology, geology, chemistry, mathematics, and physics (UNC University Libraries 2007). This style manual focuses on the citation style that documents should have in scientific writing. When using the CSE style manual, two different citation styles can be used, the name-year system and the citation-sequence system. The in-text citations and the listing of works cited appear differently for these two styles. When using the name-year system, the last name of the author of the source is cited in the text followed by the date and enclosed by parentheses. The citation corresponds to the reference list at the end of the document. The citation-sequence system gives each source used in the text a number the first time is appears and if the source appears again it is given the same number. At the end of the paper, these numbers are listed along with the publication information about t he source (dianahacker.com). The CSE style manual that is used for all scientific writing differs from the style manuals that are used in other professions. Another commonly used style manual is the American Psychological Association (APA) style manual that is used in most social science classes (dianahacker.com). The CSE and the APA style manuals are different in the way that in-text citations and the works cited are set up within the paper. There are also differences in the formatting of the paper as a whole. As previously mentioned, CSE has two methods that can be used for in-text citations. APA has one style where quotes and paraphrased material is cited by parentheses where each parenthetical citation refers to a complete citation found in the list of references at the end of the paper (Duke University Library 2007). The names of author are often used to introduce the quoted or summarized material in APA format, and in that case, the year and page number(s) are documented parenthetically. When the author, y ear, and page number are all cited parenthetically, each item is separated from the others with a comma. When using the name-year style of CSE, the author and date are cited parenthetically as well, but are not separated with a comma. The document formatting that is required by the CSE and the APA style manuals has similarities and differences. Both styles have title pages where the title, author, course name, and date appear centered on the page. Margins are set at least one inch on all sides and line spacing is always doubled for both styles. Immediately after the title page, an abstract that summarizes the entire paper is often required by both CSE and APA. The abstract is usually one paragraph in length and bibliographic references are not to be included. Each style also encourages the use of headings to keep the paper organized. Depending on the length and depth of the paper, subheadings can also be utilized according to the specifications of each style manual. The references are also listed differently at the end of the paper for each style. The names of authors are listed with last name first, followed by the initial of the first name and are separated with a comma for each style. The date follows the autho r information, and is listed differently for each style. CSE simply lists the year while APA uses the year followed by comma, the month and the date, which are all enclosed by a set of parentheses. Both styles list the name of the title of the book, article, report, or webpage next followed by the name of the publication or the location of the publisher. Page numbers are listed last, and if applicable, website address is listed along with date of access (dianahacker.com). The little differences that are evident in these formatting styles are what set apart each specific style manual. Literature Cited Chamberlain, M. 2007. Journal of Wildlife Management Guidelines. 28 Nov 2007:1-57. Mizrach, S. 2008. Alternative Medicine and the Appropriation of Scientific Discourse. https://www.fiu.edu/~mizrachs/altern-med.html. Accessed 10 Feb 2008. RiceOWL. 2005. The Rice On-line Learning Lab. Understanding your discourse community. https://www.ruf.rice.edu/~riceowl/understanding_your_discourse_ community.htm. Accessed 10 Feb 2008. The University of Chicago. 2006. Discourse. https://csmt.uchicago.edu/glossary2004/discourse.htm. Accessed 09 Feb 2008. The Wildlife Society. 2008. The Wildlife Societys Mission. Purposes and objectives. https://joomla.wildlife.org/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=106Itemid=107. Accessed 11 Feb 2008. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 2008. Animal Diversity Web. What is in a scientific name? https://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu.site/animal_names/ scientific_name.html. Accessed 11 Feb 2008. Washington State University. 2006. Washington State University Libraries. What is discourse? https://www.wsulibs.wsu.edu/electric/trainingmods/gened300/ Academic_Disciplines/discourse.htm. Accessed 10 Feb 2008.

The Light Of Catholic Social Teaching Essay - 1818 Words

The Catholic Church believes that human life and human dignity go hand in hand. A threat to one is an equal threat to the other. The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches that, â€Å"The equality of men rests essentially on their dignity as persons and the rights that flow from it† (1935). The Second Vatican Council in Gaudium et Spes recognized that, â€Å"†¦any kind of social or cultural discrimination in basic personal rights on the grounds of sex, race, color, social conditions, language or religion, must be curbed and eradicated as incompatible with God’s design† (29). In other words, humans were created in God’s image and from that we acquire our dignity and rights because of that holy and sacred origin. The plan was meant for all to enjoy a basic equality and yet due to sin, the evil of racism has been allowed to permeate humanity, thus helping to deny human dignity and human rights. In the light of Catholic social teaching (CST), one asks the questions, in what ways does racism help to deny mankind its rights and dignity, and what are we as the Church doing to help combat this scourge on our communities and on society? Whether one calls it racism, xenophobia, or prejudice, all humans have an innate tendency to pre-judge others based external characteristics. This becomes a problem when we allow these observations to become stereotypes where all of one particular community or group are broadly painted by these subjective observations, normally negative. AsShow MoreRelatedThe Church And Its Impact On The Environment1509 Words   |  7 PagesCatholic adherents are participating to a significant extent in the ever increasing ethical concern of the environment, in compliance with Church teaching. The environment is quickly becoming one of the greatest topics of debate in modern times as the impacts of climate change and deforestation become more and more apparent to the world, and is arguably man’s next greatest ethical concern. Regardless of one’s stance on ecological issues it is hard to argue that a change in our behaviour isn’t neededRead MoreImmigration. Immigration Is A Topic That Has Been In The1640 Words   |  7 Pageshave some negatives, it is my view that immigration is a necessity for the United States because of its roots in Catholic social teaching, effects on economy, and the need for basic rights of individuals to obtain a better life. When dealing with immigration one must not just view it as an economic factor but must understand that immigration is an issue within Catholic social teaching. Immigration is a topic that dates back to the new testament with stories of Exodus where the chosen people fledRead MoreNatural Law Perspectives681 Words   |  3 Pagesall other goods are insignificant. Human beings also pursue knowledge and relationships, considered to be basic goods because they are contributing components to the ultimate good of life, acting in a capacity that leads to fulfillment (Floyd). In light of the argument that health is a basic good, it can be seen that certain illnesses or states of unhealthiness hinder an individual’s pursuit of what is good, so these states must be avoided. Aquinas’s view of Natural Law includes a more religious focusRead MoreWhat Would Jesus Do1227 Words   |  5 PagesWhat would Jesus do in regards to the social justice issue of immigration? Would he give immigrants a fair and unbiased opportunity in a new country, or would he turn his back towards these hopeful people? The Catholic Church teaches us that Jesus would support immigrants, live by the Catholic Social Justice Themes and the Christian Feminist model of Justice, and give these people a fighting chance in a new country. These ideologies represent hope, a more promising future for immigration, and a changeRead MoreA Brief Look at Mary Magdalene1071 Words   |  4 Pagessubject of numerous works of art. She has been represented in a variety of tropes and styles; which were subject to the religious, political, and social standards of the time. Giacomo Galli’s Saint Mary Magdalene was painted in the early seventeenth century in Italy, at the beginning of the Bar oque era. By contorting Magdalene’s body, bathing her in light and encompassing her in darkness, Galli was able to present the viewer with an image representative of her divided identity. Galli likely choseRead MoreThe Struggle Between Protestantism And Pluralism1577 Words   |  7 PagesPuritan-evangelical insiders and non-Protestant outsiders into a religious struggle for spiritual authority in 19th century America. Separation of church and state guaranteed the right and freedom to practice the desire religion in America. Religions came to light since colonial times continued with their religious practices and were more focused on maintaining superiority over the threat posed by other non-Protestant religions. Religious pluralism in the 19th century was the center of a religious struggle,Read MoreIn spite of the fact that Martin Luther and John Calvin completed impart a percentage of the same1000 Words   |  4 Pages Martin Luther had confidence in salvation through acts of kindness, while John Calvin unequivocally had faith in fate. Martin Luther and John Calvins teachings were likewise diverse because of the way that Martin Luther believed in partition of church and state. Notwithstanding their disparities, they did offer the conviction that the Catholic Church was at issue and conferred obscenities that were unholy, and that ought to be changed. â€Å"Seeking to please God rather than men led Luther and CalvinRead MoreReligion And Society : Forever And A Half Ago1680 Words   |  7 PagesLynchel Brumaire Ido Tavory Religion and Society Forever and a half ago The rise of Social media within the last 10 years has revolutionized the way people interact with another. By analyzing the boundaries and practices of the Catholicism, this paper explores the tension between the Church and Social Media The father of Sociology, Emile Durkheim, asserted in his book Suicide that the strength of a religion should be measured by â€Å"a certain amount of beliefs and practices common to all the faithfulRead MoreLong Lost Family1633 Words   |  7 Pagesfrequently in the discussion of the centuries long rift between Catholics and Jews. It is apt. For, in the 50 years since the promulgation of Nostra Aetate by Pope Paul VI, Catholics and Jews have come far in healing 2,000 years of miscommunication, false pride, inaccurate understanding, failure to witness, and lost opportunities for unity. Throughout the selected readings that are the basis of this paper, it is clear that the Catholic Church is seeking to correct time and memory. While many of theRead More Catholic religion Essay755 Words   |  4 PagesCATHOLIC RELIGION To belong to the church one must accept as factually true the gospel of Jesus as handed down in tradition and as interpreted by the bishops in union with the pope. The most important thing in this divine tradition is the Bible, its text determined and disseminated by the church. The church, according to the Roman Catholic catechism, is the only Christian body that is â€Å"one, holy, catholic (universal)†. The doctrine of apostolic succession is one of the key parts of the Catholic faith

Essay Equity in Healthcare

Question: Write about the Essayfor Equity in Healthcare. Answer: Introduction The health has been recognised as a fundamental human right. The citizens of any country have a basic human right to be free from illness/ disease and lead socially and economically productive lives with complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being. Health equity means that all the citizens of a country will be taken care of their health needs and it is the responsibility of state to provide accessible, affordable and quality health services to its citizens. The concerns for health equity were first raised during Alma-Ata-Declaration of World Health Organisation. The inequitable access to healthcare services and increased out-of-pocket expenditures for seeking healthcare is a major challenge in low and middle income countries (Dwivedi, Pradhan 2017). The researchers have estimated that globally approximately 1.3 billion individuals are deprived of access to an equitable and affordable healthcare service (Leive, Xu 2008). Also on an average, households spend approximately forty percent of their income to treat their ill-health (Akazili et al, 2012). Equitable financial arrangements in health-care delivery are very important for achieving Universal Health Care. It is important to raise financial resources to overcome financial risks and barriers to universal health care; and also to provide equitable and efficient health services (Kutzin, 2013). In addition, healthcare reforms that promote equity in the distribution of financial resources may also increase utilisation of healthcare services (ibid). Equitable resource allocation may also require purchasing of resources from external sources or pooling of resources (McIntyre, Kutzin 2012). The governments should assure equitable distribution of resources. It is important to maintain horizontal equity as well as vertical equity while distributing health and financial resources. It means the individuals or areas with same needs must get same amount of resources and individuals or areas with more needs must get more amount of resources (McIntyre, Kutzin 2012). For this, it becomes important to access health needs of populations across levels of care (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary) as well as across geographical areas (Anselmi, Lagarde, Hanson, 2015). Further it becomes important to monitor health utilisation rates (ibid). Health Services system in India and Health Equity Healthcare system of India is a mix of public and private health services. Public health services system is a three tier system with primary health centres at the peripheral level with some basic health facilities. Secondary level of system comprises CHC (Community Health Centres), and district hospitals. Tertiary level of system comprises tertiary care institutions and apex institutions like AIIMS (All India Institute of Medical Sciences). Inspite of such a good architectural arrangement of health services system, the system is mostly dilapidated and public have to spend out-of-pocket to avail health services from private practitioners (Ruhil, 2015). For the first level of contact between community and health services system, the country has a chain of community health workers called ASHA. These are interface between people at community level and health services system. Primary care is provided at PHCs and patients are referred to CHCs for further treatment. There is one CHC over a population of 80,000 to 1,20,000. There is one surgeon, one physician, one gynaecologist and one anaesthetist at CHC level. For specialised treatment patients are further referred to district hospital which is one in each block or district. The patients which cannot be managed at secondary level are referred to apex institutes. India as a country needs special efforts to create equitable access to health-care services as majority of its pre-mature deaths happen from preventable causes (Joumard, Kumar 2015). Government of India needs to scale-up its public health-care spending with more number of professionals in public health services and improving the overall primary healthcare services system (ibid). In the absence of robust public health services system in the country, the out-of-pocket expenditure for health-care is more in the country and public have to largely rely on private health services. The country currently spends 5 percent of GDP on healthcare; out of which 4 percent is private expenditure or out-of-pocket expenditure and only 1 percent is government spending (ibid). The government needs to increase financial allocation to public healthcare and needs to strengthen its health services system to make it more equitable. Many sources of financing health-care services include taxation, social security schemes, health insurance and levying user charges (Amakom, Ezenekwe 2012). In India social security schemes are not robust enough to protect the citizens from the catastrophe of major health illnesses in the family (Dwivedi, Pradhan 2017). Health inequities are widely prevalent in the country and those who are most needful of healthcare services are most disadvantaged one in terms of access to healthcare services (ibid). Researchers have shown that there are regional disparities among various states of India, in healthcare spending (ibid). The states which are relatively backward and are most in need of healthcare financing have paradoxically least expenditures on health (ibid). It is imperative to reduce the burden of out-of-pocket health expenditures and provide equitable healthcare financing in India. India is currently facing huge health problems. India has high Infant mortality rates (IMR), Under-5 mortality rates (U5MR), and maternal mortality rates (MMR). Also the children who are born, majority have low birth weight (Drze, Sen, 2013). Among children nutritional deficiencies are high resulting in malnutrition and thus physical and mental retardation (ibid). The problems also have social roots where women have comparatively low social status and are treated as sub-ordinate to men. The women even if pregnant eat at last after serving food to all male members of family. The earning male members of family and elderly are given priority rather than women and children (ibid). The breastfeeding rates are also very low. The poor women do not secrete sufficient milk due to their own poor health status. Also women are busy in work; either earning or in household work; and thus do not get time and space to breastfeed their children frequently. The country also faces double burden of diseases where communicable diseases are still prevalent and new chronic life-style related problems such as cardio-vascular diseases, cancers and chronic respiratory diseases are adding to the burden (Patel et al, 2011). Tobacco use is also highly prevalent in India with about one-third of Indian population using tobacco (IIPS MoHFW 2009-10). Tobacco is a major risk factor for majority of communicable and non-communicable diseases including adverse reproductive outcomes. Also the problems of outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution are high leading to heart diseases and respiratory diseases (IHME, 2013). The problem of open defaecation is also prevalent in rural villages of India and so the prevalence of diarrhoea and cholera especially in children (Spears, Lamba, 2013). The Swachcha Bharat Abhiyaan (Clean India Campaign) was started by govt. of India in October 2014; under which government is providing help for the construction of latrines. The aim of the campaign is to make India open defaecation free. The programme is getting wide appreciation. People are actively participating in making their villages, streets and cities clean. According to a study only 16 percent of population had any free access to public healthcare (Kumar et al, 2011). In few states like Tamilnadu and Kerala, the performance of public health services was satisfactory but in some other states like Bihar, Jharkhand, U.P.; the services provided by public healthcare system were NOT satisfactory (ibid). Distance of health-care facility from home, and total non-availability of health service at the designated point of primary health care were main reasons for dissatisfaction among public (Kumar et al, 2011). One report by Government itself reported that about 10 percent of PHCs (Primary Health Centres) do not have a physical presence of doctor (MoHFW, 2012). Also 37 percent of PHCs are without a physical presence of lab-technician and about 25 percent of PHCs did not have a pharmacist (ibid). Thus management of human resource for health is a huge challenge while providing equitable health services. In rural areas of India, access to healthcare is a major problem. Private practitioners do not want to practice in rural areas due to lack of lifestyle facilities in those areas. Thus majority of the time public health facilities are the only means of getting healthcare in rural areas. The PHCs in rural areas are shut most of the time and are without basic facilities like a qualified doctor, lab-technician, pharmacist, essential medicines, first-aid facilities, emergency services etc. (MoHFW, 2012). Similar is the state of urban slums. Majority of the health facilities are concentrated in urban city centres, including both the private facilities as well as government facilities. Taking advantage of dilapidated health services system in the country, corporate hospitals are mushrooming which are making profits from medical tourism instead of treating their own countrymen. A research reported that in 2012, India treated 0.2 million foreign patients which gave a revenue of USD 2 billion (Sachan, 2013). The private sector in India is largely unregulated. Although Clinical Establishments Act 2010 set some norms for private hospitals but its implementation is rather lethargic (ibid). Quereshi committee report revealed that these corporate hospitals have taken free land from government and still are not fulfilling basic conditions of treating a certain number of BPL patients for free of cost. Also the quality of treatment provided to free patients is very poor. Another important component of Indian Health Services System is Medical Pluralism (Ruhil, 2015). It includes coded as well as non-coded traditional systems of medicine (ibid). The coded systems of medicine include AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Sowa-Rigpa, Homeopathy). The government of India has integrated these systems of medicine into mainstream state health services (ibid). The national health policy of 2017 has also recognised the importance of traditional medicine (Government of India, 2017). Government of India also celebrate International Day of Yoga each year on 21 June, which has made Guinnes World Record in 2015 with 35,985 people and 84 nations participated in it (Ruhil, 2015). At the level of CHC and district hospital a separate department of AYUSH has been created which recruit the AYUSH qualified health practitioners to provide its services. The government has also started some public insurance schemes like Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana; but the effectiveness of these schemes is questionable and has been critically analysed by many researchers (Selvaraj, Karan, 2012). The other insurance schemes include Employee State Insurance Scheme (ESIS), Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS), Aarogyasri in Andhra-Pradesh, and Yeshaswini in Karnataka. The out-of-pocket expenditures are high and patients have to seek private facilities for diagnostics, x-rays, MRI, Ultrasound, laboratory diagnosis, and medicines as these facilities are lacking in public health facilities (ibid). Quality of care is also compromised in public health facilities (ibid). There are also differentials in quality of care given to government insured patients in private hospitals as compared to highly paid patients and NRI patients (ibid). Informal payments and use of influence to get treatment is also highly prevalent in public health facilities (Rao et al, 2009). There is always a large queue at public health facilities and then there are some influential people who get patronage over others. Also the people come out of cars with BPL (Below Poverty Line) cards to avail free services. This snatch the benefits from those people who are actually poor but could not get BPL card due to lack of contacts and lack of literacy. Thus actual implementation of pro-poor policies is highly inequitable and remains unsuccessful in addressing the issues related to health equity. The central government give grants to states to run public health services under National Health Mission (NHM) which started as National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in 2005 and scaled up in 2013 to include urban areas as well. The NRHM further have several health schemes like, Janani Suraksha Yojana which is a conditional cash transfer scheme. The certain amount of money is transferred in to the accounts of pregnant mothers to take care of themselves and their new-borns (Joumard, Kumar, 2015). The proper management of human resource for health is also a great challenge (Rao et al, 2012). There is increased commercialisation of medical education in India with so many private players entering into it, producing a huge number of medical graduates each year who remain unabsorbed in to the mainstream health system and end up working on their own private clinic and the problem of health inequity remain unanswered (ibid). Conclusion The India as a country is in very advantageous position strategically with its economy among the fastest growing economies of the world and majority of its population young and productive i.e. below 35 years of age and ready to harness the benefits of demographic dividend. In such a scenario, achieving health equity is not a distant dream but requires political will, greater proportion of GDP to be spent to strengthen public health services system, maintaining quality standards in medical education and proper absorption of medical graduates passing each year from hundreds of medical colleges in the country. The social security schemes need to be formulated and implemented in such a way that its benefits reach the real poor and help address the problems of inequity especially health inequities in society. References Akazili, J., Garshong, B., Aikins, M., Gyapong, J., McIntyre, D. (2012). Progressivity of health care financing and incidence of service benefits in Ghana. Health Policy Planning, 27(1), i1322. Amakom, U., Ezenekwe, U. (2012). Implications of households catastrophic out of pocket (OOP) healthcare spending in Nigeria. J Res Econ Int Finance (JREIF), 1(5), 13640. Anselmi, L., Lagarde, M., Hanson, K. (2015). Equity in the allocation of public sector financial resources in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic literature review. Health Policy and Planning, 30, 528545. doi:10.1093/heapol/czu034. Drze, J., Sen, A. (2013). An Uncertain Glory India and its Contradictions, Princeton Press. Dwivedi, R., Pradhan, J. (2017). Does equity in healthcare spending exist among Indian states? Explaining regional variations from national sample survey data. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16, 15. DOI 10.1186/s12939-017-0517-y. Government of India. National Health Policy 2017. Policy document, MoHFW 2017, New Delhi. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaulation, IHME (2013), Global Burden of Disease 2010, Released March 2013, www.healthmetricsandevaluation.org/gbd. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW). Government of India: Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) India, 2009-10. New Delhi: MoHFW, Govt. of India; 2010. ISBN 978-81-920192-0-8. Available from: https://mohfw.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/1455618937GATS%20India.pdf. last accessed 5 January 2016. Joumard, I., Kumar, A. (2015). Improving Health Outcomes and Health Care in India. OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 1184, OECD Publishing. https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5js7t9ptcr26-en. Kumar, A., Chen, L., Choudhury, M., Ganju, S., Mahajan, V., Sinha, A., Abhijit, S. (2011). Financing Health Care for All: Challenges and Opportunities. Lancet, 377, 66879. Kutzin, J. ( 2013). Health financing for universal coverage and health system performance: concepts and implications for policy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 91, 60211. Leive, A., Xu, K. (2008). Coping with out-of-pocket health payments: empirical evidence from 15 African countries. Bull World Health Organ, 86(11), 849856C. McIntyre, D., Kutzin, J. (2012). Revenue collection and pooling arrangements in financing. In: Smith RD, Hanson K (eds). Health Systems in Low and Middle Income Countries: An Economic and Policy Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 77102. MoHFW (2012), Rural Health Statistics in India 2012, Statistics Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, March. Patel, V., Chatterji, S., Chisholm, D., Ebrahim, S., Gopalakrishna, G., Mathers, C., Mohan, V., Prabhakaran, D., Ravindran, R., Reddy, K. (2011). Chronic diseases and injuries in India. Lancet, 377(9763), 413-28. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21227486. [18 April 2017] Rao, K., Bhatnagar, A., Berman, P. (2012). So many, yet few: Human resources for health in India. Human Resources for Health, 10, 19. Rao, K., Saran, I., Srivastava, A. (2009). The Inequity of Informal Payments for Health Care in India. India Health Beat, 2(1), World Bank/Public Health Foundation of India. Ruhil, R. (2015). Medical Pluralism in India and its Integration into State Health Services System. AYUSHDHARA, 2(5), 309-314. Ruhil, R. (2015). The Roots of Brown Sahib Medical Mens Burden. Indian J Comm Health, 27(4), 429-434. Sachan, D. (2013). Tackling corruption in Indian Medicine. Lancet, 382(9905), e23 - e24. Selvaraj, S., Karan, A. K. (2012). Why publicly financed health insurance schemes are ineffective in providing financial risk protection. Economic Political Weekly, 47(11), 60-68. Spears, D., Lamba, S. (2013). Effects of Early-Life Exposure to Sanitation on Childhood Cognitive Skills: Evidence from Indias Total Sanitation Campaign. Policy Research Working Paper 6659, World Bank Sustainable Development Network, World Bank Publishing.